Ap world history cram Flashcards
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| 8297483412 | The world became truly global | The western hemisphere came into continued contact with the eastern hemisphere. Technological innovations, strengthened political organization, and economic prosperity all contributed to this change that completely altered world trade patterns | 0 | |
| 8297489036 | Maritime trade dominated the world | Technological advancements and willingness of political leaders to invest in it meant that sea-based trade became much more important. As a result, old land-based empires lost relative power to the new sea-based powers. | 1 | |
| 8297494728 | European kingdoms gained world power | The relative power and prosperity of Europe increased dramatically during this time in comparison to empires in the longer- established civilization areas. | 2 | |
| 8297508589 | Nomads began to become a thing of a past | Nomads continued to play an important role in trade and cultural diffusion, and they continued to threaten the borders of the large land based empires. However, their power dwindled as travel and trade by water became more important. | 3 | |
| 8297515879 | Labor systems were transformed | The acquisition of colonies in North and South America led to major changed in labor systems. After many Amerindians died from disease transmitted by contact with Europeans, a vigorous slave trade from Africa began and continued through out most of the era. Slave labor became very important all over the Americas. Other labor systems, such as the mita and encomienda in South America , were adapted from previous native traditions by the Spanish and Portuguese | 4 | |
| 8297525366 | "gunpowder empires" emerged in the Middle East and Asia | Empires in older civilization areas gained new strength from new technologies in weaponry. Basing their new power on "gunpowder," they still suffered from the old issues that had plagued land- based empires for centuries: defense of borders, communication within the empire, and maintenance of an army adequate to defend the large territory. By the end of the era, many were less powerful than the new sea-based kingdoms of Europe. | 5 | |
| 8297528492 | Ottoman Empire | Founded by Osman, included a collection of Turkish tribes from Asia Minor. In 1453 they conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine empire. From Constantinople they launched raids into the Balkans of Europe. | 6 | |
| 8318726433 | Ottoman Empire | Under Suleiman the magnificent, they controlled land on three continents. They took land from Baghdad to Belgrade and laid siege to Vienna. The siege was a turning point in their expansion and European unity to fight Muslim invaders | 7 | |
| 8318768552 | Ottoman Empire | They used an extensive civil service and bureaucracy, they maintained a large multi ethnic empire for 600 years. The sultan was an absolute ruler; however,he allowed for petition from the people. Their wealth came form the control of the Dardanelles and Black sea. | 8 | |
| 8318825755 | Ottoman Empire | Great army of mounted and foot soldiers; made use of janissaries, Balkan Christians captured as boys who became skilled soldiers. Slaves were used for labor. | 9 | |
| 8318881506 | Ottoman empire | Most Turks were Sunni; however, Orthodox Christians and Jews also made up seizable portions of the empire. The empire was culturally diverse largely due to trade connections and diversity of lands governed. The merchant class was important. | 10 | |
| 8318929980 | Ottoman empire | women had more equality than other areas, including the right to own property | 11 | |
| 8297548954 | Mughal empire | - Continuation of the Delhi sultanate- descendants of the mongol invaders -land included modern day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan -strong military required high taxes | 12 | |
| 8319006405 | Mughal empire | - Military service was rewarded with land grants- upset regional ruler -Muslim authority over Hindus; Akbar married a a Hindu women in the hope of reconciling with the majority Hindu population - There was limited trade | 13 | |
| 8297570428 | The Ming | 14 | ||
| 8297579545 | Pirates (Ming decline) | A sea-based trade became more and more important, the number of them also increased in the Chinese seas, just as they did in the Americas. They were both Chinese and Japanese, and they lay in wait for ships going in and out of ports. | 15 | |
| 8297575967 | Climate change (Ming decline) | A broad change of climate swept from Europe to China during the 1600s, with the weather turning much colder. This change seriously affected agriculture and health, and also contributed to serious famine across china. These conditions led frustrated peasants to frequent rebellion. | 16 | |
| 8297606845 | The Early Qing Dynasty | 17 | ||
| 8297579544 | Nomadic invasions (Ming decline) | The 1500s saw the reemergence of the mongols as a regional power, this time with the help and support of Tibet. In gratitude, the mongols bestowed the Tibetan leader with the title of Dalai Lama, or "universal teacher" of Tibetan Buddhism. The Japanese also attacked Korea, a Chinese tributary state, requiring Ming armies to defend the area. | 18 | |
| 8297638789 | Manchus | 19 | ||
| 8297592262 | Decline of the Silk Road (Ming decline) | After so many centuries, the famed silk road trade finally fell into decline during this era. New technologies and European control meant that more and more trade was conducted by water, and land-based trade decreased. | 20 | |
| 8297597762 | Inept rulers (Ming decline) | The last emperors lived in luxury in the forbidden city, and had little to do with governing the empire. For example, the last emperor was so disengaged that he did not know that he was under attack until the enemy literally was climbing over the palace walls. | 21 | |
| 8297648872 | Golden age | 22 | ||
| 8297672271 | Chinese contact with Europeans | 23 | ||
| 8297697305 | Cultural and intellectual life in China | - Based upon Chinese traditions - Neo-Confucianism - Civil service Exams - Printing press increased the number of books, including novels which confusion scholars condemned | 24 | |
| 8297697306 | Kongo (African empire) | - African merchant princes connected to Atlantic trade network economy - Women traders used marriage to European merchants to ensure power - set up trade with Portuguese -Converted to Christianity - Became a major center of the slave trade | 25 | |
| 8297738142 | Songhai (African empire) | - Trade city controlled salt, gold, and copper - was once controlled by Mali - Sunni Ali was the leader who brought Timbuktu and other trading cities under his control - Lacked gunpowder; was defeated by Moroccan forces in 1591 difficult to find evidence. | 26 | |
| 8297761919 | European empires | Portugal, Spain, England, France | 27 | |
| 8297702664 | Benin (African empire) | - Trade economy - palace in walled city - skilled in bronze work | 28 | |
| 8297761920 | Portugal | Power came from exploration and colonization; important in the early salve trade; first set up trading centers along Africa's coast and to trade directly with India and China through maritime trade. | 29 | |
| 8297767761 | Spain | Unified by the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand; wealth came from exploration and colonization; expelled Muslims and Jews; Inquisition; Spanish control of Latin America; decimation of the Native Americas; beginning of American salve trade. | 30 | |
| 8297771078 | England | power from trade and colonization; mercantilism- economic system where the "mother country" has colonies and restricts them to trade only with the mother; long history of constitutionalism- power to parliament and limited monarchy; King Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth ring England to its height in power and prestige. | 31 | |
| 8297789300 | France | Power from trade and colonization; Louis XIV highlighted the system of absolutism- total power to the monarchy; controlled nobles by having them live at Versailles. | 32 | |
| 8337099853 | Patterns of social and gender change | - Major cities included Paris, London, and Amsterdam - Rise of middle class emerges -Rising gap between poor and everyone else -marriages took place later in life; less likely to be arranged, more freedom for women - more women became educated -Renaissance brought a new age of art and literature to Europe -Reformation brought an end to unified European catholicism | 33 | |
| 8337391471 | Russia | 34 | ||
| 8297836315 | Exploration and Colonization of the Americas | 35 | ||
| 8297854596 | Major changes and results from the interaction between European and Native Americans(columbian Exchange) | diseases, Animals, crops | 36 | |
| 8297861424 | Diseases | small pox, tuberculosis, measles, and influenza attacked the native Americans who did not have the immune systems to fight exposure; Europeans contracted a more deadly form of syphilis | 37 | |
| 8297861425 | Animals | pigs, cows, and horses were taken to the Americas leading to an increase in transportation and food stuff | 38 | |
| 8297872489 | Crops | Native American crops of corn, squash, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, and chilies led to a population increase in Europe. | 39 | |
| 8297884054 | A rise in the population of Europe | Europe's population had been decimated bu the 14th century plague epidemic, so during the 15th and 16th centuries, population levels were growing to match previous levels. | 40 | |
| 8297893046 | A decrease in the population of the Americas | 41 | ||
| 8297902523 | No overall population decrease occurred in Africa | 42 | ||
| 8297916880 | Between 1000 and 1700 C., the population of Asia | 43 | ||
| 8297935629 | Colombian Exchange | 44 | ||
| 8318378581 | Major environmental changes occurred in the New World in two major ways | soil exhaustion and deforestation | 45 | |
| 8318381623 | soil exhaustion | 46 | ||
| 8318393884 | Deforestation | 47 | ||
| 8318395969 | Scientific revolution | - Copernicus, Galileo, Francis Bacon, William Harvey - World could be explained through natural laws rather than superstition - sun was the center of the universe - It happened throughout Europe and American colonies | 48 | |
| 8318397780 | The enlightenment | -John Locke, Jean-Jacques, Rousseau, Thomas, Hobbes, Voltaire -Natural rights- life, liberty and property - Right of people to overthrow government -freedom of speech, press, and religion -Throughout European and American colonies | 49 | |
| 8318406946 | Neoconfucianism | - Zhu Xi -combined elements of Buddhism and Daoism to make Confucianism more accessible for less literate Chinese - happened in china, Korea, and Japan | 50 | |
| 8318412238 | Major developments and exchanges in the arts | - Italian Renaissance paintings, Mughal miniature paintings, and Taj Mahal - celebration of beauty focus on individual achievement - Europe and its colonies plus south asia | 51 | |
| 8318432360 | Diverse Interpretations- what are the debates about the timings and extent of European predominance in the world economy? | The first argument is that Europe was visionary in thinking and that a few greats, such as Prince Henry the Navigator and Sir Isaac Newton spurred others on. The idea was that a "great man" such as one just mentioned caused Europe to be great. | 52 | |
| 8337897437 | Diverse Interpretations | The second argument is that European culture caused Europe to ultimately dominate the world. From the Renaissance, Europeans developed the idea that life on earth was to be enjoyed and dominated. | 53 | |
| 8337897438 | Diverse interpretations | The third theory is economic. Europe needed markets and resources, so they went and got them. | 54 | |
| 8337905092 | Diverse interpretatations | A final theory is that political theory was the driving force for Europe dominating the world. Monarchs needed monarchs to finance wars and increase their power. | 55 |