AP Biology Cell Cycle Flashcards

6330660183	Mitosis	Cell division that produces normal cells, produces two identical daughter cells.	0
6330660184	Meiosis	Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms, produces four identical daughter cells.	1
6330660185	Centrioles	In animal cells, a pair of centrioles organize microtubules into spindle fibers. These guide chromosomes in mitosis.	2
6330660186	IPPMAT	Pneumonic device to remember the stages and order of cell division: Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.	3
6330660187	Interphase	90% of the cell cycle. The cell does its "everyday job": RNA is produced, proteins are synthesized. The cell is preparing for duplication -- it is ready whenever it is triggered.	4
6330660188	G1 Phase	Initiated by a signal to divide. 1st growth period of the cell. Cell does its "everyday job." Cell grows, preparing for division.	5
6330660189	S Phase	DNA Synthesis. The cell copies chromosomes.	6
6330660190	Chromatin	The DNA-Protein complex formed when DNA molecules wrap around histone proteins.	7
6330660191	Chromosomes	A doubled rod of condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information.	8
6330660193	Centromeres	Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached.	9
6330660194	Sister Chromatids	Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis.	10
6330660195	Homologous Chromosomes	Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis. Code for the same gene, but may have different alleles.	11
6330660196	G2 Phase	The cell prepares for division. Cell grows even more. Produces more organelles, proteins, and membranes.	12
6330660197	Prophase	Chromatin condenses. Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell. Protein fibers cross cell to form mitotic spindle. Nuclear membrane breaks down.	13
6330660198	Prometaphase	Transition to metaphase. Spindle fibers attach to centromeres. Nuclear membrane disappears. Microtubules attach at kinetochores. Chromosomes begin moving.	14
6330660199	Kinetochores	Attachments between the microtubules and sister chromatids.	15
6330660200	spindle	fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis	16
6330660201	Metaphase	Chromosomes align along middle of cell, ensuring chromosomes separate properly.	17
6330660202	Equatorial Plate	Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.	18
6330660203	Anaphase	Sister chromatids separate at kinetochores. Poles move farther apart.	19
6330660204	Chromosome Movement	Kinetochores use motor proteins that "walk" chromosomes along attached microtubule. Microtubule shortens by dismantling at kinetochore.	20
6330660205	Telophase	Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles. Spindle fibers disperse. Cytokinesis begins.	21
6330660206	Cytokinesis in Plants	A cell plate forms between the divided nuclei that develops into cell membranes. A cell wall then forms in between the two new membranes	22
6330660207	Cytokinesis in Animals	Constriction belt of actin microfilaments around equator of cell. Cleavage furrow forms. Splits cell in two, like tightening a draw string.	23
6330660208	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	24
6330660209	Cytokinesis in Plants	Cell plate forms from vesicles lining up at the equator. They proceed to fuse and form two cell membranes. A new cell wall is laid between membranes. The new cell wall fuses with the existing cell wall.	25
6330660210	Evolution of Mitosis	In, eukaryotes likely evolved from binary fission in bacteria (single circular chromosome with no membrane bound organelles).	26
6330660211	Cancer	A collection of related diseases in which cells divide uncontrollably	27
6330660212	G1 checkpoint	At the end of G1 phase, if cell is not ready to divide it may arrest here (G0 phase - nerve and muscle cells remain here, rarely divide after maturing) and never proceed or wait until it is ready.	28
6330660213	S checkpoint	DNA damage checkpoint: DNA recplication halted if genome is damage	29
6330660214	cyclin	one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells	30
6330660215	gamete	A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	31
6330660216	zygote	A fertilized egg	32
6330660217	binary fission	A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size	33
6330660218	budding	Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism	34
6330660219	parthenogenesis	Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. No males involved.	35
6330660220	chiasmata	The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.	36
6330660221	crossing over	Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.	37
6330660222	point of sexual reproduction	increase variation in offspring, increase diversity in a population	38
6330660233	Metastasis	The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site	39
6330660234	density-dependent inhibition	crowded cells stop dividing	40
6330660236	tumor-suppressor genes	a gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer	41
6330660237	Proto-oncogenes	Genes that stimulate mitosis	42
6330694577	totipotent	a fertilized egg or zygote; able to become all cells of an organism as well as the entire organism	43
6330699929	pluripotent	embryonic stem cells; cells that are capable of developing into all the cells of an organism	44
6330707311	multipotent	adult stem cells; cells that are capable of developing into a related group of cells; cells in marrow can develop into any type of blood cell	45
6330716001	differentiation	The process by which a cell becomes specialized in order to perform a specific function, as in the case of a liver cell, a blood cell, or a neuron.	46
6330728914	ectoderm	the outer layer of cells in a developing embryo; cells differentiate into covering cells like skin and the nervous system	47
6330738189	mesoderm	middle layer of cells in a developing embryo; differentiate into muscles and bones	48
6330741994	endoderm	inner layer of cells in a developing embryo; differentiate into internal organs	49
6330752276	apoptosis	programmed cell death; happens in tadpole tail	50
6330756430	necrosis	death of cells due to damage	51
6330758779	clones	genetically identical organisms; produced by asexual reproduction	52
6330766121	centromere	the spot where chromatids attach to each other	53
6330776064	asexual reproduction	producing a new organism that is genetically identical to the original; ex: budding, fragmentation, vegetative	54
6330798566	karyotype	a display of the homologous chromosomes from largest to smallest; shows extra or missing chromosomes	55
6330811217	haploid	n; one copy of each chromosome; cell will half the normal number of chromosomes; gametes	56
6330818324	diploid	2n; two copies of each chromosome; cell with normal number of chromosomes; autosomes	57
6330824473	X and Y	sex chromosomes; XX female; XY male	58
6330827831	meiosis	process of reduction division; involves two divisions and reduces chromosome number in half	59