AP Psychology Chapter 9 Thinking & Language Reeder Flashcards

8775306795	Cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	0
8775306796	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
8775306797	Prototype	a mental image or best example of a category	2
8775306798	Algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem	3
8775306799	Heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 398)	4
8775306800	Insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	5
8775306801	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	6
8775306802	Fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving	7
8775306803	Mental set	A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem	8
8775306804	Belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	9
8775306805	Intuition	knowing or sensing something without the use of reason; an insight	10
8775306806	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving	11
8775306807	Representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information	12
8775306808	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	13
8775306809	Overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments	14
8775306810	Framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments	15
8775306811	Belief bias	the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid	16
8775306812	Language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	17
8775306813	Phoneme	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	18
8775306814	Morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)	19
8775306815	Grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	20
8775306816	Semantics	The study of meaning in language.	21
8775306817	Syntax	studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences	22
8775306818	Babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	23
8775306819	One-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which a childspeaks mostly in single words.	24
8775306820	Two-word stage	Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.	25
8775306821	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	26
8775306822	Aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to wernicke's area (impairing understanding)	27
8775306823	Broca's area	controls language expression-an aread of the frontal, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech	28
8775306824	Wernicke's area	controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression;usually in the left temporal lobe	29
8775306825	Linguistic relativity	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	30
8775321883	Intelligence Tests	psychological tests that are designed to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgment.	31
8775343869	Aptitude Tests	These predict your future performance or ability to learn a new skill. Ex.. College Entrance Exam	32
8775350953	Achievement Tests	These assess your current knowledge or what you know. Ex...Final Exams	33
8775364035	Alfred Binet	He developed the first practical IQ test, the Binet-Simon test.	34
8775379793	Lewis Terman	He is best known for his revision of the Stanford-Binet IQ test and for initiating the longitudinal study of children.	35
8775438669	Mental Retardation	Condition of limited mental ability as indicated by an intelligence score of below 70 and produces difficulty in adapting to demands of life.	36
8775465494	Multiple Intelligences	Theory developed by Howard Gardner that states that their are seven distinct intelligence's or "multiple intelligence's that people can have.	37
8775507333	Charles Spearmen	He worked with human intelligence, including his theory that disparate cognitive test scores reflect a single General intelligence factor and coined the term g factor.	38
8775525375	Benjamin Whorf	He developed the idea that differences between the structures of different languages shape how their speakers perceive and conceptualize the world.	39