AP World History Chapter 28 Flashcards

9635097952	Holy Alliance	alliance among Russia, Prussia and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.	0
9635121337	Decembrist uprising	Unsuccessful 1825 political revolt in Russia by mid-level army officers advocating reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I.	1
9635201228	Crimean War	(1854-1856) Began with Russian attack on the Ottoman Empire; France and Britain joined the Ottoman side; resulted in a Russian defeat because of Western industrial might; led to Russian reforms under Alexander II.	2
9635264891	emancipation of the surfs	Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained.	3
9635289776	zemstvoes	local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave the middle class professional experience in government but did not influence national policy.	4
9635302132	Trans-Siberian railroad	Constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia.	5
9635320063	intelligentsia	Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in Russian political and economic systems; wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West.	6
9635360285	anarchists	Political groups that thought the abolition of formal government was a first step to creating a better society; became important in Russia and was the modern world's first terrorist movement.	7
9635397014	Lenin	Russian Marxist leader; insisted on the importance of disciplined revolutionary cells.	8
9635397015	Bolsheviks	Literally meaning 'majority' party, but actually a political group backed by a minority of the population; and the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin.	9
9635431930	Russo-Japanese War	Defeat by Japan resulted in strikes by urban workers and insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in temporary reforms.	10
9635434624	Duma	Russian national assembly created as one of the reforms after the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Nicholas II.	11
9635438304	Kulaks	Agricultural entrepreneurs who used the Stolypin reforms to buy more land and increase production.	12
9635434625	Terakoya	Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by the middle of the 19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside the West.	13
9637186395	Dutch Studies	Studies of Western science ad technology beginning during the 18th century; based on texts available at the Dutch Nagasaki trading center.	14
9637188744	Matthew Perry	American naval officer, in 1853 insisted under the threat of bombardment on the opening of ports to American trade.	15
9637188745	Meiji restoration	Power of the emperor restored with Emperor Mutsuhito in 1868; took name of Meiji, the Enlightened One; ended shogunate and began a reform period.	16
9637191334	Diet	Japanese parliament established as part of the constitution of 1889; able to advise government but not control it.	17
9637191335	Zaibatsu	Huge industrial combines created in Japan during the 1890's.	18
9637194332	Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)	Fought in Korea between Japan and China; Japanese victory demonstrated its arrival as new industrial power.	19
9637199791	Yellow Peril	Western term for perceived threat from Japanese imperialism.	20