AP WORLD HISTORY UNIT 2a EXAM Flashcards

8342195438	Mawali	Non Arab converts to Islam; still had to pay property taxes and jizya (head tax paid by non-believers); received no share of the booty and found it difficult to get important roles in society; not considered full members of the umma	0
8342208914	Umayyad	A Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; they established themselves as the rulers of Islam from 661 to 750; the clan in which Muhammad was born; started military campaign to spread Islam beyond Arabian Peninsula; shifted political capital to Damascus and built a bureaucracy; Caliphs fell victim to addiction of luxury and easy living; fell to Abbasids	1
8342214260	Bedouin	A culture based on the camel and goat nomads of the Arabian peninsula; early converts to Islam; organized by clans and family; clans often fought bloody battles with one another; pivotal roles in the emergence of Islam	2
8342224034	Mecca	City located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea in the Arabian Peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; where the prophet Muhammad was born; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam; trading city that flourished; would become the holy city for Muslims	3
8342230648	Ka'ba	A religious shrine located in Mecca; Pre Islam, it was a focus for the annual truce among bedouin tribes; later became an important shrine for Islam.	4
8342236849	Qur'an	The holy book of Islam that include Muhammad's teachings and revelations.	5
8342236850	Hajj	One of Islam's five pillars of faith; a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your life if you are financially and physically able.	6
8342241264	Abbasids	The dynasty that came after the Umayyads as caliphs of Islam. They move the capital to Baghdad and create a dynasty from there.	7
8342249248	Sunni	The division of Islam that supported the Umayyads	8
8342253261	Shi'a	The division of Islam that supported Ali, and believed that all caliphs before him should not be recognized as successors of Muhammad.	9
8342270281	Ulama	Islamic Orthodox religious scholars; valued more conservative and restricted theologies; opposed non-Islamic ideas and thinking.	10
8342270282	Chinggis Khan	elected khagan of Mongols in 1206; responsible for uniting the Mongols and the conquest of China's northern kingdoms; held territories as far west as the Abbasids; died 1227 prior to the conquest of most of the Islamic world.	11
8342281882	Harun al-Rashid	Known as one of the greatest Islamic rulers of the Abbasids; ascended to throne after the poisoning of al-Mahdi's son; r. 786 - 809.	12
8342286083	Mongols	Nomadic peoples formed from Central Asia; responsible for conquering Turko-Persian kingdoms and the capturing of Baghdad in 1258; killed the last Abbasid caliph.	13
8342286084	Bhaktic Cult	Hindu groups who dedicated themselves to gods and goddesses; valued strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god/goddesses; widely worshipped gods include Shiva and Vishnu; membership was open to all (including women and untouchables).	14
8342290856	Sati	a practice in India where the widow is expected to sacrifice herself of her late husband's body, often done by burning; used for reference by many historians when determining the role of women in early Indian society.	15
8342290857	Saladin	Muslim leader toward the end of the 12th century; reconquered crusader areas for Islam; responsible for the attempted treaty between the crusaders and Islam after the 3rd crusade.	16
8342297809	Sufis	**will be here shortly	17
8342297810	Crusades	series of attempted military conquests with the original purpose of recapturing the Holy Land of Jerusalem; first called for in 1095 by Pope Urban II; temporary success in capturing Jerusalem and establishing kingdoms; later used for commercial wars and getting rid of opposite beliefs; mostly a complete fail for the crusaders.	18
8342303971	Sultana of Delhi	**will be here shortly	19
8342361703	Juula	Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire; eventually spread throughout much of west Africa	20
8342361704	Ibn Batuta	Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records; reported: "Of all peoples, the Blacks are those who most hate injustice, and their emperor pardons none who is guilty of it."; born 1304	21
8342366298	Muhammad the Great	Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century; Songhay dominated the central Sudan during his rule	22
8342366299	Berbers	**will be here shortly	23
8342372249	Bantu	**will be here shortly	24
8342376432	Timbuktu	**will be here shortly	25
8342376433	Great Zimbabwe	**will be here shortly	26
8342380379	Mali	**will be here shortly	27
8342380380	Sudanic States	**will be here shortly	28
8342386030	Mansa Musa	**will be here shortly	29
8342405600	Byzantine Empire	**will be here shortly	30
8342405601	Constantinople	**will be here shortly	31
8342410765	Boyars	**will be here shortly	32
8342410766	Hagia Sophia	**will be here shortly	33
8342418361	Roman Legal Code	**will be here shortly	34
8342418362	Justinian	**will be here shortly	35
8342422544	Sassanian Empire	**will be here shortly	36
8342422545	Cyril and Methodius	**will be here shortly	37
8342425564	Russian Orthodox	**will be here shortly	38
8342425565	Tartars	**will be here shortly	39
8342434035	Three Estates	the three social groups in Western countries, also represented by parliament; church, nobles and urban leaders.	40
8342437820	Scholasticism	the dominant medieval approach to philosophy; named because of base in schools; uses logic to resolve theological problems	41
8342442164	Magna Carta	"Great Charter" made by King John of England, 1215; confirmed feudal rights; limitations & obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy	42
8342447108	Charlemagne	**will be here shortly	43
8342450469	Three-field System	**will be here shortly	44
8342450470	Manorialism	**will be here shortly	45
8342453781	Romanesque	**will be here shortly	46
8342457420	Pope Urban II	**will be here shortly	47
8342460811	Vikings	**will be here shortly	48
8342464184	Ferdinand & Isabella	**will be here shortly	49