AP World History Periods 1 and 2 Flashcards

5167844908	Paleolithic Age	The old stone age, ending in 12,000 BCE. Used crude stone tools. Hunting and gathering.	0
5167844909	Homo Sapiens Sapiens	Humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period.	1
5167844910	Neolithic Age	New stone age, between 8000 and 5000 BCE. Adaptation of sedentary agriculture. Domestication of plants and animals.	2
5167844911	Hunting and Gathering	Original human economy, eclipsed by agriculture. Groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries.	3
5167844912	Bronze Age	From about 4000 BCE when bronze tools were first introduced in Middle East to 1500 BCE when iron began replacing it.	4
5167844913	Nomads	Cattle and sheep herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies. "Barbarians".	5
5167844914	Civilization	Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites and merchants and manufacturing groups.	6
5167844915	Mesopotamia	"Between the rivers" The civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys.	7
5167844916	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia c.400 BCE. Created first civilization within region, organized area into city-states.	8
5167844917	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.	9
5167844918	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes.	10
5167844919	City-State	A Political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations. Agricultural hinterlands ruled by urban based king.	11
5167844920	Babylonians	Unified all of Mesopotamia c.1800 BCE. Empire collapsed due to foreign invasion c.1600 BCE	12
5167844921	Hammurabi	Most important ruler of Babylonian empire, responsible for codification of law.	13
5167844922	Pharaoh	Title kings-of-ancient-egypt.	14
5167844923	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of old kingdom Egypt. Burial site of Pharaohs.	15
5167844924	Kush	African state along upper Nile c.1000 BCE. Conquered Egypt and ruled for several centuries.	16
5167844925	Indus River	River souces in Himalayas to mouth of Arabian Sea. Location of the Harappan civilization.	17
5167844926	Harappa	Major urban complex of Harappan civilization, laid out on a planned grid pattern.	18
5167844927	Aryans	Indo-European nomatic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization militarized society.	19
5167844928	Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from 6th century BCE.	20
5167844929	Upanishads	Later books of Vedas. Contained sophisticated philosophical ideas used by Brahmans to restore religious authority.	21
5167844930	Yellow River	(Huanghe River) Site of development of agriculture in China.	22
5167844931	Shang	First Chinese dynasty that has archaeological evidence. Capital located in Ordos. 1600-1046 BCE	23
5167844932	Olmecs	People of cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and Laventa Mexico. 1200 BCE-irrigated agriculture, urbanize elaborate religion, beginnings of calendar and writing systems.	24
5167844933	Chavin de Huantar	Culture appeared in the highlands of Andes between 1800 BCE and 1200 BCE. Ceremonial centers with large stone buildings.	25
5167844934	Phoenicians	Shores of eastern Mediterranean, established colonies throughout Mediterranean.	26
5167844935	Monotheism	Worship of a single god. Introduces by Jews into western civilization.	27
5167844936	Shi Huangdi	Founder of Qin dynasty 221 BCE.	28
5167844937	Qin	Dynasty formed 221 BCE at the end of Warring States period, followed decline of Zhou dynasty.	29
5167844938	Han	Chinese dynasty that succeeded Qin in 202 BCE, ruled for 400 years.	30
5167844939	Zhou	Overthrew the Shang and established second historical Chinese dynasty 1122-256 BCE	31
5167844940	Great Wall	Defensive wall intended to keep out nomadic invaders from the north. Initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shitluangdi.	32
5167844941	Confucius	(Kong Fuzi) Major Chinese philosopher. 6th century author of Analects-need to restore order by advice of superior men in Shi.	33
5167844942	Alexander the Great	Successor of Philip II. Conquered Persian empire 323 BCE, attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures.	34
5167844943	Himalayas	Mountain region marking northern border of Indian subcontinent, site of Aryan settlements.	35
5167844944	Monsoons	Seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia. Brings rain in the summer.	36
5167844945	Sanskrit	Sacred and classical Indian language.	37
5167844946	Varnas	Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society. Four castes, Brahmans, warriors, merchants, peasants.	38
5167844947	Indra	Chief deity of Aryans. Colossal, hard-drinking warrior.	39
5167844948	Chandragupta Maurya	Founder of Maurya dynasty, first empire in Indian subcontinent. First centralized government since Harappan.	40
5167844949	Mauryan	Dynasty in Indian subcontinent during 4th century BCE, following invasion by Alexander the Great.	41
5167844950	Ashoka	Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya. Converted to Buddhism and sponsored the spread of new religion.	42
5167844951	Dharma	Caste position and career determined by birth. Hindu culture to accept social position and do the best they can in order to have a better situation in the next life.	43
5167844952	Gupta	Dynasty that succeeded Kushans in 3rd century BCE. Empire extended to all but southern regions of Indian subcontinent.	44
5167844953	Vishnu	Form of Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice.	45
5167844954	Shiva	Hindu god of destruction and reproduction. Worshiped as personification of cosmic force of change.	46
5167844955	Reincarnation	Attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits in previous lives.	47
5167844956	Nirvana	State of tranquility. Buddhist state of enlightenment.	48
5167844957	Scholar Gentry	Chinese class created by marital linkage of local land-holding aristocracy.	49
5167844958	Cyrus The Great	Established massive Persian empire by 550 BCE. Successor to Mesopotamian empire.	50
5167844959	Zoroastrianism	Animalist religion that saw material existence as a battle between good and evil.	51
5167844960	Pericles	Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE. Guided development of Athenian empire. Died during the Peloponnesian War.	52
5167844961	Peloponnesian Wars	Wars from 431-404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in Southern Greece. Spartan victory but no unification of Greece.	53
5167844962	Philip of Macedonia	Ruled Macedonia from 359-336 BCE. Founder of centralized kingdom. Later conquered the rest of Greece. Son is Alexander the Great.	54
5167844963	Hellenistic	Culture associated with spread of Greek influence. Seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms.	55
5167844964	Roman Republic	The balanced government of Rome c.510-47 BCE. Had an Aristocratic Senate.	56
5167844965	Punic Wars	Between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in western Mediterranean. Won by Rome.	57
5167844966	Carthage	Originally a colony in northern Africa. Became major port in western Mediterranean.	58
5167844967	Julius Caesar	Roman general responsible for Conquest of Gaul. Brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic. Assassinated in 44BCE.	59
5167844968	Augustus Caesar	Name given to Octavian following defeat of Mark Anthony/Cleopatra.	60
5167844969	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312-337 CE. Established capital at Constantinople. Attempted religious force of Christianity.	61
5167844970	Polis	City-State form of government. Typical Greek political organization from 800-400 BCE.	62
5167844971	Direct Democracy	People participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders, rather than electing representatives.	63
5167844972	Senate	Assembly of Roman aristocrats.	64
5167844973	Aristotle	Greek philosopher. Teacher of Alexander the Great.	65
5167844974	Storcs	Hellenistic group of philosophers, strict discipline of body and personal bravery.	66
5167844975	Socrates	Athenian philosopher of later 5th century. Tutor of Plato.	67
5167844976	Animism	The attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomenon	68
5167844977	Polytheism	Belief in many gods	69
5167844978	Bureaucrats	An official in a government department, in particular as being concerned with procedural correctness at the expense of people's needs	70
5167844979	Aristocracy	The highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles	71
5167844980	Brahmans	Highest member of the Hindu Caste system	72
5167844981	Kshatriyas	The warrior or ruler class of the caste system	73
5167844982	Vaiyshas	Another class in the caste system made up of commoners	74
5167844983	Sudras	Lowest ranking class (above the untouchables)	75
5167844984	Untouchables	Lowest class in the caste system (Wasn't even considered a class)	76
5167844985	Bantus	People of the Niger-Congo who migrated throughout southern Africa. Spoke Bantu	77
5167844986	The analects	A record of the words and teaching of Confucius	78
5167844987	The Torah	Judaic religious text	79
5167844988	The Silk Road	An ancient silk trade route	80