AP World History Study Guide- River Valleys Flashcards

5976622527	Mesopotamia	Time period: 3500 BCE	0
5976622528	Egypt	Time period: 3200 BCE	1
5976622529	Indus	Time period: 2500 BCE	2
5976622530	Shang China	Time period: 1650 BCE	3
5976622531	Mesopotamia	Geographic Description: • 'Tigris and Euphrates river • flooding • Few natural barriers • Invasions and trade caused city-states to initially develop	4
5976622532	Egypt	Geographic Description: • Nile River. • Predictable floods. • Natural barriers like desert. • People settled on one side of river; other side reserved for religion; led to centralization	5
5976622533	Indus	Geographic Description: • Indus river and later Ganges • Violent flooding due to seasonal monssons • Buffered by the foothills of the Hindu Kush Mts although Arynas found a pass (Kyber Pass)	6
5976622534	Shang China	Geographic Description: • Huang He (Yellow) and Yangtze rivers. • Unpredictable flooding "River of Sorrows" • Natural barriers led to geographic isolation..Middle Kingdom. • River meandered so it caused decentralized feudalism	7
5976622535	Mesopotamia	Political: • Made organized city-states. • Summer, Ur, Babylon, (some of the city-states). Walled for protection • Territory was important. • Decentralized City-states fought each other for land and water. Led to the development in the early empires towards the end of the period • Ruled by kings who were war heroes. • Hammurabi, leader of Babylon, created Hammurabi's code- first written law although shows unequal treatment of classes. Created an Empire later conquered by Persians who would create an empire	8
5976622536	Egypt	Political: • Ruled by Pharaoh who had political and religious power. • Dynasties were created. Centralized rule • Determined public works project, worked along Nile River. • First female pharaoh was Nephritides. • Old Kingdom (3200- 2200 BCE) • Middle Kingdom (2100-1650 BCE) • New Kingdom (1550-700BCE) • Do not get these different periods of early Egyptian history confused with the Chinese concept of the Middle Kingdom	9
5976622537	Indus	Political: • Government oversaw the public works. • Two most known cities are Harappa and Mohenjo -Daro...built using a grid-like pattern; shows math knowledge and well-planned cities therefore probably not decentralized	10
5976622538	Shang China	Political: • Shang Dynasty- controlled the Huang He valley. Was first organized state. • Feudalism- land based government was used due to shape of river and population spread throughout the extensive valley • They created palaces and tombs. • Regulated irrigation. • Dynastic cycle, Zhou took control in 1000s BCE; beginning classical period	11
5976622539	Mesopotamia	Economy: • Located by the Tigris - Euphrates River. • Rivers deposited fertile nutrients for soil. Grew wheat and barley. • Agriculture and farming allowed for great economy, had irrigation. • Metal, wood, and stone were traded. Traded with Indus and Egypt. (Hittites created iron tools and they were found in Indus) • Used resources for technology. Traded for food. • FAT- farmers, artisans, traders. (Traditional Economy).	12
5976622540	Egypt	Economy: • Nile used for trade and agriculture. • Business was dependent on the Nile. • Trade was government directed, • Based on agriculture. • Grew wheat and barley. • Traded with Mesopotamia and Nubia. • Irrigation and predicted flooding by calendar. • FAT	13
5976622541	Indus	Economy: • Economy was based on agriculture. Grew wheat, barley, and cotton. • Used the Indus for Irrigation. • Dependent on Monsoons • Certain percent of food was stored in granaries for public use for droughts • Traded with Mesopotamia, Persia and Egypt as evidence by goods • cotton • FAT	14
5976622542	Shang China	Economy: • Based on agriculture. • Grew rice silk made by silkworm. • Domesticated animals- dogs, pigs, and sheep. • Had bronze artisans. • FAT	15
5976622543	Mesopotamia	Religion: • This was a major part of their civilization. • Polytheistic- belief in many gods, try to explain the unknown. • Built pyramids called ziggurats- place of worship. • Priests preformed rituals. Believed in afterlife. If you were bad in life you had a bad after life. • Hebrews established first monotheistic religion- Judaism	16
5976622544	Egypt	Religion: • Polytheistic religion. • Believed in afterlife (Amen Rah- sun god, Osiris- God of nile). • Mummified kings and nobility, preformed by priests. • Pharaohs who passed away were mummified and buried in the pyramids. • Most sophisticated polytheistic religion of its time—"Book of the Dead"	17
5976622545	Indus	Religion: • Polytheistic beliefs • The Aryan invasion in 1500 BCE brought Hinduism to India as well as the Caste system • Reincarnation- belief in rebirth of soul after death. • Caste System- When you die your family stays in the same class. • Dharma and Karma.	18
5976622546	Shang China	Religion: • Polytheistic developed many gods based on natural disasters • Believed in afterlife similar to heaven, where their ancestors were. • Sacrificed food and other things to please gods in temples. • Used oracle bones, carved what they wanted from deities and/or ancestors on it.	19
5976622547	Mesopotamia	Social: • Had many social classes, was a hierarchy. 1. Ruling family, high ranking officials, nobility, and important priests. 2. Artists, merchants, lesser priests and scribes. 3. Farmers and peasants 4. Slaves • Women were not treated equal to men.	20
5976622548	Egypt	Social: • Social classes were hierarchy. 1. Pharaoh and high priests. 2. Artists, merchants, lesser priests. 3. Farmers 4. Slaves • Women were not treated equal to men but had more rights than in other societies. • Several queens, women pharaohs, Nephritides being the first.	21
5976622549	Indus	Social: • Had hierarchy as well • Aryans would established a rigid Caste System looked at religion and society closely developed later.	22
5976622550	Shang China	Social: • Social classes similar to other civilizations. 1. Ruler (god like). 2. Nobles and important priests. 3. Warriors and lesser priests. 4. Artisans, merchants, scribe. 5. Farmers 6. Slaves • Fathers arranged marriages, controlled families, daughters sometimes sold into slavery.	23
5976622551	Mesopotamia	Intellectual: • Cuneiform- first form of writing, 2000 symbols reduced to 300. • Scribes learned to write on clay tablets. • Kept records. Code of Hammurabi • Had a number system to make agriculturally based calendars • Created the plow, wheel, had mathematics, used money	24
5976622552	Egypt	Intellectual: • Writing system was hieroglyphics (derived from Cuneiform) which were written on papyrus, made from reeds along the Nile, • Mathematics and astronomy not as advanced as Mesopotamia. • Very accurate calendar, 12 months and 30 days. Used for annual flooding. • Knowledge of medicine and surgery because of mummification • Metal weapons, pyramids, and irrigation	25
5976622553	Indus	Intellectual: • Had public works - public baths, running water, cow breeding and irrigation. • Early form of sandscript writing, based on Cuneiform but still not deciphered. • Streets were efficient, had grid patterns. Had sewage systems and indoor plumbing. • Good mathematicians. Made first dice and chess games.	26
5976622554	Shang China	Intellectual: • China had advanced mathematics and astronomy. • Created first books. • Writing was done in pictographs, and ideographs over 1000 symbols - next to Cuneiform it is the 2nd original writing form • Made silk, had advanced agriculture, irrigation. • Considered themselves the middle kingdom - center of the world. • Bronze work.	27
5976622555	Mesopotamia	Art: • Made pottery industry. • Metal welding, architecture. • Ziggurats had art, Statues of god.	28
5976622556	Egypt	Art: • Built pyramids and statues of god. • Sarcophagus had artistic paintings on them. • Sculptures, paintings, carvings, and architecture.	29
5976622557	Indus	Art: • Tools were made of steatite and lime. • They have fine art, sculptures, and pottery. • Had bronze tool and steal weapons.	30
5976622558	Shang China	Art: • Collars for animals so they could plow and pull wagons. • Pottery • Painted scenes of what life was based upon. • oracle bones • bronzes	31
5976622559	Mesopotamia	Decline: Invasions gave way to shifting of civilization core to the North...beginning of Greek classical period (800BCE) while the Persian Empire Grew	32
5976622560	Egypt	Decline: Invasions eventually gave way to end of River valley period and the development of the Kingdom of Kush and later Axum followed by Ethiopia	33
5976622561	Indus	Decline: Aryan Invasions nearly wiped out civilization...civilization re-emerged and Classical period began under the Vedic Age with Aryans dominating the civilization in 1500BCE	34
5976622562	Shang China	Decline: Collapsed around 1000BCE giving rise to Zhou dynasty; 1st dynasty of classical period	35
5976622563	Mesopotamia	Global Connections/ Interactions: • cultural interaction. • Interaction through trade with Indus and Egypt due to relatively flat topography; war occurred	36
5976622564	Egypt	Global Connections/ Interactions: • Some cultural interaction. • Interaction through trade with Mesopotamia and Nubia.	37
5976622565	Indus	Global Connections/ Interactions: • Some cultural interaction. • Interaction through trade with Mesopotamia and Persia. • Aryan invasions	38
5976622566	Shang China	Global Connections/ Interactions :• Considered themselves middle kingdom. • Not much cultural interaction due to geographic isolation although interacted with Pastoral Nomads	39