AP World Chapter 26 Flashcards

9210242647	Toussaint L'ouverture	(1743-1803); Leader of slave rebellion on the french island of St. Domingue in 1791 that led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804.	0
9210272166	Father Miguel de Hidalgo	Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed.	1
9210277526	Agustin de Iturbide	(1783-1824); Conservative Creole officer I'm Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824.	2
9210277527	Simon Bolivar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia.	3
9210280097	Gran Columbia	Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.	4
9210280098	José de San Martin	(1778-1850); A leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America. Born in Argentina, he served in the Spanish army but joined in the movement for independence; led the revolutionary army that crossed the Andes and helped to liberate Chile in 1817-1818, and with Simon Bolívar, Peru. For political reasons, he went into exile in Europe in 1823.	5
9210301592	João VI	Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808-1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro.	6
9210325836	Pedro I	(1798-1834); Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil.	7
9210325837	Andrés Santa Cruz	Mestizo general who established until of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829-1839.	8
9210333015	Caudillos	Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.	9
9210335893	Centralists	Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives.	10
9210335894	Federalists	Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals.	11
9210338771	Juan Manuel de Rosas	Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.	12
9210341844	General Antonio López de Santa Anna	Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by U.S. in Mexican-American war in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.	13
9210350936	Monroe Doctrine	American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the U.S.; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin trade.	14
9210353800	Guano	Bird or bat droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery.	15
9210353801	Positivism	French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence.	16
9210358043	Auguste Comte	French philosopher; founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society.	17
9210358044	Manifest Destiny	Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War.	18
9210361557	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	Agreement that ended the Mexican-American war; provides for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America.	19
9210363941	Mexican-American War	Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846-1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about ½ of Mexico's National territory to the United States.	20
9210363942	Benito Juãrez	(1806-1872); Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872.	21
9210367971	La Reforma	The liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna.	22
9210384117	Maximilian Von Habsburg	Proclaimed emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867.	23
9210384118	Argentine Republic	Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralized and federalists.	24
9210389538	Domingo F. Sarmiento	(1811-1888); Liberal politician and president of argentine republic from 1868-1874; author of Facundo, a critique of Caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation.	25
9210389539	Fazendas	Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840-1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil.	26
9210393417	Científicos	Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted Mexican government to project image of modernization.	27
9210401467	Spanish-American War	War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines.	28
9210405968	Panama Canal	An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914.	29