Ap World History: Unit 4 Test Flashcards

5752905699	Bartholome de las Casas	protested mistreatment of Indians in encomienda system; suggest African slaves should be used instead	0
5752905700	Sociedad de castas	a social hierarchy that developed when multiracial societies are created consisting of Europeans, Indians, and Africans	1
5752905701	viceroyalties	authority in colony on behalf of the king; start to replace conquistadors and encomienda system	2
5752905702	encomienda system	grants from Spanish crown that gave natives to Europeans, Europeans were responsible for the natives, were to Christianize them, and could use them for labor, REALITY they were abused, not paid, and died in huge numbers	3
5752905703	mita system	mandatory labor with small salaries (usually in silver mines), requires adult male Amerindians to work 2-4 months a year for Spanish, from an old Inca system of conscription labor	4
5752905704	silver	silver mines required native forced labor, silver caused inflation in Spanish economy, most of the silver stayed in the New World	5
5752905705	Potosi	located in Peru, where the largest silver mine is found	6
5752905706	War of Spanish Succession	Charles II (last Hapsburg) died without an hier, French grand-nephew Philip of Anjou (Bourbon) named as hier in will, HRE and England fearful that Spain and France will be united under one Bourbon monarch	7
5752905707	Bourbon Reforms	intended to strengthen the economy and make colonial governements more efficient, desire to revitalize Spain and make it a strong govt and economy, Remove groups that halted progress such as the Jesuits	8
5752905708	Minas Gerais	where gold is found and then diamonds later, stimulates economy, increases need for slaves; the reason why we see slavery in Brazil	9
5752905709	Pombaline Reforms	Marquis of Pombal wanted to increase Portugese economy by instituting economic reforms, stopped slavery in Portugal to ensure steady stream of slaves to Brazil only; in the end it reduced Portugal's trade imbalance with England	10
5752905710	new spain	a colonial territory of the Spanish Empire, in the New World north of the Isthmus of Panama. It was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521, and following additional conquests, it was made a viceroyalty	11
5752905711	Nzinga Mvemba	the first African king to collaborate with Europeans and converts to Christianity; made the region of Kongo Christian with Portugese support	12
5752905712	Senegambia	the region where initially slaves were mostly taken	13
5752905713	West Central Africa	where slaves are primarily taken later on	14
5752905714	Middle Passage	12 million Africans shipped across the Atlantic, mortality rate on slave ships around 15-20%, mortality was high and fertility was low, cargo sizes varied, and incredibly traumatic	15
5752905715	Triangular trade	European manufactured guns to Africans for slaves, Slaves transported from Africa to Americas, Slaves produce goods that are traded to Europe; made emerging capitalism central to Atlantic world	16
5752905716	saltwater slaves	African-born slaves	17
5752905717	creole slaves	American-born descendants of African slaves	18
5752905718	Gun and slave cycle	Increase firepower allowed African states to expand over neighbors, producing more slaves, which they traded for European guns; resulted in unending warfare and disruption of societies through slave trade	19
5752905719	Mfecane	Result of African Unification Process; period of chaos among the indigenous African communities in southern Africa; multiple civil wars and chaos between tribes	20
5752905720	Angolo-Zulu Wars of 1879	Battle between British Empire and Zulu Kingdom; despite some Zulu wins, the war resulted in a British victory and the end of the Zulu's kingdom's independence	21
5752905721	Trans-Saharan, Red Sea, and East African Trade Routes	had been trading slaves for centuries throughout the Middle East and Northern Africa	22
5752905722	El Mina	Dutch seized this region when Portugese no longer monopolize slave trade	23
5752905723	Plantations	became the focus of African slave life, slaves performed many occupations	24
5752905724	Janissaries	a class of warriors that were loyal to Sultan only, captured consctripted Christian boys that made up the bulk of the Ottoman infantry, controlled artillery and firearms; the most powerful componenent of the military	25
5752905725	Constantinople	during this time it's called Istanbul, Ottomans restored this capital, sultans tried to beautify the capital, a commercial center	26
5752905726	Isma'il	won territory victories and was declared shah (emperor) of the Safavid Empire	27
5752905727	Battle of Chaldrian	Conflict with Ottoman Empire and Ottoman victory; Shi'ism was blocked from westward advancement	28
5752905728	Abbas I (Abbas the Great)	Reached height of Safavid's strength and prosperity; wanted empire to be center for international trade and Islamic culture	29
5752905729	Akbar	a Mughal ruler, had a vision for the empire and wanted to unite all of India, used warrior aristocrats (zamindars) ti run villages in newly established bureacracy	30
5752905730	Din-i-Ilahi	Akbar invents this new faith, incorporates Islam and Hinduism to unify subjects	31
5752905731	Taj Mahal	constructed by Shah Jahan as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal, his most beloved wife	32
5752905732	Aurangzeb	Shah Jahan's son, wanted to extend Mughal control all over India, wanted to get rid of Hinduism	33
5752905733	Sikhism	became an anti-Muslim threat, a Hindu/Islam blend without a caste system	34
5752905734	The Asian Sea Trading Network	Also known as the Indian Ocean Trade; stretched from the Middle East and Africa to East Africa, and was divided into 3 major zones: Arab, Indian, and Chinese	35
5752905735	Straits of Malacca	One of the major intersections (choke points); able to choose admittance and taxes	36
5752905736	Ming China	(1368-1644) Founded by Jo Yuanzhang, Neo-Confucian social dominance, declines when northern nomads (Manchus) invades	37
5752905737	Hongwu	Originally Ju Yuanzhang, a military commander of peasant origins; returned China to Chinese imperial traditions by removing all Mongol influences, emperor of the Ming dynasty	38
5752905738	Population increase in Ming	New crops introduced from New World, crops also introduced from Southeast Asia, caused commercialization to expand	39
5752905739	Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall	Jesuit missionaries who targeted emperors and chief advisers using scientific knowledge and technical skills to convert the elite	40
5752905740	Tokugawa Shogunate	An end to civil wars and start of political unity and centralization to Japan, Shogun is Tokugawa Ieyasu, isolationism was in placed	41
5752905741	Tokugawa Ieyasu	Wins the contest for succession after Hideyoshi's death, shogun of Tokugawa, uses firearms and forced daimyos to give their land	42
5752905742	Isolationism	Measures to restrict foreign activities in Japan in order to prevent European conquest such as outlawing Christianity, banning trade, and restricting foreign merchants	43
5752911695	Christopher Columbus	a Spainish conquistador reached the Americas and thought he was in India; ultimately made 4 voyages	44
5752912341	East India Trading Companies	joint stock and trade company; amass huge fortunes, created to pursue trade with South Asia and Southeast Asia, not regulated by government	45
5752913128	Columbian Exchange	exchange between New World and Old World as a result of Columbus's contacts, Concerns: American food spreas plague?, not condoned in bible	46
5752913129	Mercantilism	an economic theory popular during 17th & 19th; prosperity of anation dependent upon its capital, government should export more than import, use colonies to uport raw material from (minimizes costs)	47
5752914289	Pope's line of Demarcation	Spain is eager to claim dominion over new land; pain won control of lands discovered west of the line, while Portugal gained rights to new lands to the east.	48
5752914995	Battle of Lepanto	Spanish fleet defeats Ottoman fleet; any hope of successful Muslim rivalry ended	49
5752914996	Seven Years War	Britain and France fight in Europe and America over colonies; Britain wins and France loses alot of territory in the Americas	50
5753184929	Martin Luther	posted "95 Theses" on church door, believed salvation was obtained only through faith in Christ, NOT on following Church practices; led the Protestant reformation	51
5753185574	Louis XIV	the longest reigning monarch in history, stopped the French parliament and passed his own laws; a prime example of an absolute monarch	52
5753186936	Wealth of Nations	laissez-faire (listen to do) economics, people act in self-interest and promote economic advance, government should not be involved in the economy	53
5753187606	absolutism	absolute monarchy; divine right, strong army, high taxes to support wars, use bureaucracies	54
5753188484	Protestant Reformation	a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its religious aspects were supplemented by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power and control at the expense of the Church	55
5753188485	Counter Reformation	the Church's response to the Protestant Reformation; goal was to incite Catholic fervor into Europeans, assert personal relationship with Christ through Church	56
5753189436	Italian Renaissance	challenged medieval-intellectual religious values, focused on humanism (secularism), wealthy city-states funded art	57
5753189437	Northern Renaissance	intense religious devotion, artists travel to Italy, detailed realism (focus on nature), landscape/genre painting	58
5753190500	Sicientific Revolution	17th and 18th centuries: new ideas in science that laid foundations for modern scientific thought, create laws for nature based off of Greek and Islamic science	59
5753190501	Enlightenment	categoriezes scientific revolution and spreads it; humans are good but education will make them better, reason is the key to truth, religions that rely blindly on faith and don't tolerate diversity are wrong	60
5753528509	Peter I (Peter the Great)	one of the greatest Tsars in Russia, built up tsarist control over bureaucracy and military, shifts focus of expansion westward, bureaucrats based on merit rather than aristocratic status, revived tax system; known for modernization and westernization of Europe	61
5753530103	Great Northern War	The war resulted in Sweden losing her imperial possessions in central Europe, and Russia under Peter the Great becoming a major power in the Baltic, secured an ice-free port (warm-water port) on Baltic Sea and created a navy	62
5753531349	Peter the Great's Westernization	permanently changing Russia and providing a model from which westernization attempts elsewhere were based on. Westernization was used by Peter and his successors to promote Russia's expansionist empire without intending to transform Russia into a truly Western society. ; increased women's status and encouraged western-style attire	63
5753579630	1453	Ottomans capture Constantinople	64
5753580306	1492	Christopher Columbus reached Americas/Spanish Inquisition (Reconquista)	65
5753581925	1493	Pope's Line of Demarcation	66
5753583552	1498	Vasco de Gama reached India	67
5753584599	1502	First African slave arrives in Americas	68
5753586050	1514	Battle of Chaldiran	69
5753586947	1517	Martin Luther posts "95 Theses"	70
5753588435	1571	Battle of Lepanto	71
5753589182	1603	Tokugawa Shogunate founded	72
5753590463	1642-1649	English Civil War	73
5753592878	1756-1763	Seven Years War	74
5753593348	1879	Angolo-Zulu Wars	75