Barron's AP World History - Periodization I Flashcards

5738519976	Humans have existed for ___. Human civilization has existed for ___. The time before this was called ___.	200,000 years; 5,000-6,000 years; prehistory	0
5738519977	Humans originated in ___. The Americas were populated via an ___, which then disappeared. They soon came in contact with Europeans again in ___.	Africa; Asian land bridge; 1492	1
5738519978	Factors that Help Advanced Society Develop	•Non-extreme climate •Fertile land, preferably flat •Reliable water source •Topography that enabled movement •Access to a water body •Natural resources •Proximity to trade routes	2
5738519979	The ___ proposes Homo sapiens arose in East Africa and then migrated outward. An ___ theory called the ___, proposes humans arose independently in various places.	"Out of Africa" thesis; unpopular; multiregional thesis	3
5738519980	Peopling of the Earth Stages	1) 100,000 Years Ago - Africa to the Middle East 2) 70,000 Years Ago - Reached India and SE Asia 3) 50,000 Years Ago - Crossed into Australia/Oceania 4) 40,000 Years Ago - Reached Europe, Central Asia, & Siberia 5) 15,000 Years Ago - Reached the Americas	4
5738519981	It took people longer to reach Europe and Northern Asia because of ___ that lasted until ___ years ago.	ice ages; 12,000	5
5738519982	Humans reached the Americas via the ___. Humans generally populated the entire world by ___, the time the ___ occurred.	Bering land bridge; 8000 BCE; Neolithic Revolution	6
5738519983	The ___ lasted until 5,000 years ago. The first period was the ___. Around 8000 BCE the ___ began.	Stone Age; Paleolithic Era; Neolithic Era	7
5738519984	Paleolithic peoples relied upon ___. They developed ___ to assist them in survival. ___ was a very versatile resource as well. ___ became common during the late Paleolithic.	hunting and foraging; tools; Fire; Pottery	8
5738519985	Social structure during the Paleolithic Era was based on ___. They were mostly ___. They lacked much ___ or ___.	kinship groups; nomadic; hierarchy; socioeconomic classes	9
5738519986	Most Paleolithic peoples adhered to ___, a belief in the natural world animated by spirits. Religious leaders called ___ appeared who spoke to spirits and healed the sick.	animism; shamans	10
5738519987	The Paleolithic Era introduced the ___ between men and women. Men were responsible for: ___. Women were responsible for: ___.	gender division of labor; hunting, fighting, and heavy labor; gathering plants, preparing food, and looking after the home/children	11
5738519988	The Neolithic Revolution occurred ___, and introduced the ___. This resulted in greater ___.	12,000 years ago; domestication of plants/animals; population growth.	12
5738519989	Groups that domesticated animals but not plants developed ___. They were most common in the ___. They experienced some ___, but not like agricultural societies.	pastoralist or herding societies; grassland regions of Afro-Eurasia; social stratification	13
5738519990	Pastoralists were nomadic and often expert ___. Many invented ____ pulled by herd animals. They played a critical role in the cultural diffusion of the ___.	horseback riders; wheeled vehicles; chariot, compound bow & arrow, and iron weapons	14
5738519991	Pastoralists often negatively affected the ___. They caused ___ of species, and the overgrazing of grasslands led to ___.	environment; artificial selection; erosion & desertification	15
5738519992	Agricultural Hearths	•E Asia - Millet, soybeans •SE Asia - Bananas, rice, yams •Middle East - Wheat, barley, beans •West Africa - Yams •Mesoamerica - Maize, beans •Andes - Beans, potatoes	16
5738519993	___ played a vital role in the transition to agriculture. Agriculture's greatest advantage was ___. It resulted in a more ___ lifestyle. People gathered in larger communities, and the concept of ___ developed.	Women; dependable food; sedentary; private property	17
5738519994	Agriculture created food surplus, which encouraged the ___. This resulted in more ___, with ___ being the norm.	specialization of labor; social stratification; patriarchy	18
5738519995	Agriculture had more environmental impact than hunting/gathering and pastoralism. The ___ of species resulted in unfair competition, and practices such as___ increased human's ecological footprint.	artificial selection; forest clearing & irrigation	19
5738519996	The first cities date back to ___, and include ___ on the Jordan River and ___ in Turkey. The wheel was invented in the ___, greatly aiding transportation.	8000-7000 BCE; Jericho; Çatal Hüyük; 3000s	20
5738519997	During the Neolithic Era, tools likes ___ increased agricultural efficiency. Metallurgy began in the ___ between 4000-3000 BCE. This eventually gave way to the ___.	hoes & plows; Middle East & China; Bronze Age (3500-1200 BCE)	21
5738519998	Ancient societies relied upon ___ to share information. But civilization developed writing. The earliest example was ___ in 3500-3000 BCE. Few cultures survived without, notably the ____.	oral traditions; Sumerian cuneiform; Inca	22
5738519999	Elements of Civilization	•Economic system •Government •Social system •Moral/ethical belief system •Intellectual tradition •Technological aptitude	23
5738520000	Mesopotamia arose between the ___. The first civilization arose in 3500 BCE with the ___. Other groups came to power such as:	Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Fertile Crescent); Sumerians; Akkadians, Babylonians, & Assyrians	24
5738520001	Mesopotamia was not always centralized, and often had ___. They built cities like Babylon, ruled by ___. The first empire arose out of Akkadian conqueror ___.	city-states; kinglike figures with a priest class; Sargon	25
5738520002	Sumerian culture was recorded with ___. A famous ancient poem is ___. They pioneered law code with ___.	cuneiform; Gilgamesh's Epic; Hammurabi's Law Code	26
5738520003	The Mesopotamians honored their polytheistic gods with temples called ___. They invented the ___. They traded as far as the ___.	ziggurats; base-60 number system; Indus River Valley	27
5738520004	During the 1300s-1200s BCE, the ___ came to rule over Mesopotamia. They were adept at ___ and were the first to use ___. Later, the ___ conquered large parts of the Middle East and Egypt, forming a large empire.	Hittites; chariot warfare; iron weapons; Assyrians	28
5738520005	Egypt developed near the ___. Basic social features appeared during its ___ period. Civil War then resulted in its ___.	Nile River; Old Kingdom; First Intermediate Period	29
5738520006	Egypt entered the ___ in 2040 BCE. The ___, armed with ___ then ushered in the Second Intermediate Period.	Middle Kingdom; Hyksos; chariots & compound bows	30
5738520007	Egypt's final period was its ___. It formed a large empire, conquering the Middle East and southern ___. It eventually collapsed due to ___.	New Kingdom; Nubian civilization; internal disorder & foreign invasions	31
5738520008	Egyptian society revolved around the ___, thought to be an incarnation of the ___. Egyptian-Nubian trade gave Egypt access to more goods, but was often ___.	pharaoh; sun god (Ra); violent	32
5738520009	Egyptian women had more rights than in ___. They could ___. One even rose to become pharaoh, ___.	Mesopotamia; manage finances, divorce husbands, own businesses/property; Hatshepsut	33
5738520010	Egypt's followed a polytheistic religion revolving around the sun god, ___. Their religious text was the ___. They developed ___ to show respect for the afterlife.	Ra; Egyptian Book of the Dead; mummification & pyramids	34
5738520011	Egyptians had a writing system known as ___. They wrote on ___. They also invented the ___.	hieroglyphs; papyrus; 365-day calendar	35
5738520012	The Indus River Valley civilization developed in ___. Their written language has yet to be ___. They left behind little ___, and only few sculptures survived. They were heavily ___.	NW India; deciphered; pictorial art; urbanized	36
5738520013	The Indus River Valley Civilization relied upon the Indus River, which regularly flooded with ___. Their largest cities were ___.	silt; Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa	37
5738520014	Almost all Indus River cities had an identical layout. Streets were laid out in ___. Many cities had large ___ and ___, suggesting they were prosperous.	straight grids; baths; sewage systems	38
5738520015	The Indus River Valley Civilization was originally thought to have ended through ___. However, most scholars now think they died due to environmental factors, such as ___.	Aryan invasions; drought	39
5738520016	Early China relied upon the ___. Western China was a ___, so the rivers of the East were vital to their survival.	Huang He (Yellow River); desert	40
5738520017	Legend suggests the first Chinese dynasty was the ___. The first historically-verified dynasty was the ___ however. They were led by ___.	Xia; Shang dynasty; warrior aristocracy	41
5738520018	Shang armies expanded via ___, and fought invading barbarians. They traded extensively, as far as the ___. Their principal commodities were ___.	chariots; Middle East; jade & silk	42
5738520019	The Chinese writing system used ___. The Shang dynasty established fortune-telling, ___, and ___. They viewed themselves as the center of the world, creating the notion of a "___".	pictographs; divination; ancestor veneration; Middle Kingdom	43
5738520020	China's second dynasty was the ___, founded in the 1000s BCE. They began to rely on ___, where a monarchy ruled over decentralized political units. They preserved Shang traditions, but also introduced ___. They began to focus on ___, and most notably created the ___.	Zhou; feudalism; iron weapons; bureaucracy; Mandate of Heaven	44
5738520021	After the Zhou Dynasty's collapse, China's "___" period began.	Warring States	45
5738520022	The Olmecs emerged in ___ in 1400-1200 BCE. They were considered to be a "___" of the region.	Mesoamerica; mother civilization	46
5738520023	The Olmecs arose without a ___. Their written language is a ___ as well. They are famous for their ___. They loved ___ and also passed on polytheistic deities like the ___. They may have also practiced ___, like later peoples.	river system; mystery; huge stone heads; astronomy; jaguar god; human sacrifice	47
5738520024	The first Andean city was likely ___, in central Peru. Most believe ___ originated in the Andes and then diffused upward. The most important domesticated animal was the ___. The Andes had no writing system, however ___ did originate here.	Caral; metallurgy; llama; quipu	48
5738520025	The ___ originated in the Andes in 1000 BCE. It was centered on the city of ___. It was a major polytheistic religious movement. They are well known for their ___.	Chavín; Chavín de Huántar; textiles	49
5738520026	Nubia developed ___ and was a notable trade partner. The Hebrews emerged in the Middle East, with a homeland in ___. They developed the first major monotheistic religion, ___.	south of Egypt; Israel; Judaism	50
5738520027	In the Mediterranean, the ___ developed on the island of Crete. They influenced the Greeks, but the ___ were more direct ancestors. They fought the real ___ immortalized in ___.	Minoans; Mycenaeans; Trojan War; Homeric epics	51
5738520028	The Phoenicians developed in the Mediterranean around 1550 BCE. Their home cities were ___. They harvested cedar and made a famous ___. They invented an ___.	Syria & Lebanon; purple dye; alphabet	52
5738520029	The Indo-Europeans were ___, that spread throughout Eurasia from Central Asia. The ___ played a large role in India's prehistory. The Bantu herders migrated from the ___ to sub-Saharan Africa.	migrating pastoralists; Aryans; Niger river basin	53
5738520030	The most common form of government in ancient history was the ___. Most governed with an elite class called the ___. An ___ was a few elites ruling over a group of people. A ___ ruled over people through religious elite.	monarchy; aristocracy; oligarchy; theocracy	54
5738520031	Slavery was widespread in the ancient world. ___ put people to work for owners they owed money to. ___ had peasants labor on their owners' land. ___ was also used as a punishment.	Debt slavery & indentured servitude; Serfdom; Prison labor	55
5738520032	Ancient art often served a political purpose, such as how ___ demonstrates power. The Phoenician alphabet was the forerunner of the ___, which influenced Hebrew and Arabic.	monumental architecture; Aramaic script	56
5738520033	India had the ___, a collection of Vedic hymns composed in ___. This was a scripture within ___, a precursor to Hinduism.	Rig Veda; Sanskrit; Vedism	57
5738520034	Vedism created a ___, with a hierarchical social structure: ___. It taught all creatures had a soul that yearned to be united with the world soul, ___.	caste system; brahmins (priest-scholars), warriors/rulers, traders/peasants, servants; Brahman	58
5738520035	The Hebrews entered into a covenant as the chosen people of the god ___. It developed into Judaism, the first ___. The Hebrews migrated to Egypt around 1700 BCE, were enslaved and then escaped under ___. This exodus is celebrated during their ___.	Jehovah; monotheistic religion; Moses; Passover holiday	59
5738520036	Moses led the Hebrews to ___. There he gave them the ___ and the ___, the first five books of the ___, or Hebrew scripture.	Canaan (Israel); Ten Commandments; Torah; Tanakh	60
5738520037	The Hebrew kingdom was at its height under ___. They established a capital at ___ and built the ___ there. After Solomon's death, the kingdom dissolved.	David and his son Solomon; Jerusalem; First Temple	61
5738520038	Zoroaster founded ___ between 1700 to 500 BCE (unknown). Their scripture, the ___, was compiled over many centuries. It emerged as an official faith in ___ by the 500s BCE after ___ adopted it to justify his rule.	Zoroastrianism; Avesta; Persia; Darius the Great	62
5738520039	Zoroastrianism was monotheistic, venerating ___. The good deeds of his followers were supposed to help him in his fight against the evil spirit of chaos, ___. It had core values, such as a ___, which found itself in Judaic and Christian doctrines.	Ahura Mazda; Angra Mainyu; Judgement Day	63