AP World history 7-9 Flashcards

5226214969	bedouin	Arab nomads. They were organized into tribes and groups called clans. These clans provided security and support for a life made difficult by the extreme conditions of the desert. Their settlement is from where the Muslim Empire sprang. This was around the 600s AD and at the Arabian Peninsula.	0
5226214970	shykhs		1
5226218516	mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.	2
5226218517	umayyad	Dynasty that ruled Muslim Empire from 661 to 750	3
5226220233	ka'ba	Structure in Mecca that held idols and now is the target of the Hajj	4
5226222222	qur'an	Holy book of Islam	5
5226222223	umma	The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.	6
5226223463	zakat	Almsgiving	7
5226223464	five pilars	Faith, prayer, aimsgivng, fasting, hajj	8
5226224775	cailiph	king	9
5226224776	ali		10
5226224777	abu bakr	first caliph after death of Muhammad	11
5226228933	ridda wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	12
5226230560	jihad	A contoversial term in Islam that literally means "striving in the way of Allah"	13
5226230561	battle of siffin	Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	14
5226232460	sunni	A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad	15
5226234346	shi'a	a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam	16
5226234347	karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate	17
5226235844	mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	18
5226237512	dhimmis	A term meaning "protected peoples"; they included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians.	19
5226241438	abbasids	A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.	20
5226241439	wazir	Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire	21
5226279752	ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	22
5226279753	allah	Arabic word for God	23
5226281651	khadijah	First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader	24
5226281652	hijra	The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam	25
5226283951	ramadam	A holy holiday in which muslims have to fast, one of the 5 pillars	26
5226283952	hajj	A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims	27
5226285554	damascus	The Umayyads moved the capital from Mecca to this city.	28
5226285555	hadiths	Traditions passed on about the sayings or actions of Muhammad and his immediate followers; hadiths rank second only to the Quran as a source of Islamic law.	29
5226288503	battle of the river zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	30
5226288504	baghdad	capital city of Iraq; as heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E.	31
5226289947	dhow	Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull.	32
5226289948	mosque	A Muslim place of worship	33
5226303678	harun al-rashid	Abbasid caliph who expanded the empire from the Atlantic to China, created the highpoint for Muslim	34
5226303679	buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads	35
5226307514	seljuk turks	nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader	36
5226307515	crusades	A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.	37
5226309271	saladin	12th century Muslim ruler; reconquered most of the Crusader kingdoms.	38
5226309272	ibn khaldun	Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city.	39
5226310978	rubaiyat	Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine where he expresses his opinions	40
5226310979	sufis	a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life	41
5226317736	mongols	A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.	42
5226317859	muhammad ibn qasim	Arab general who conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire	43
5226319377	harsha	He restored centralized rule in northern India after the collapse of the Gupta. He can be compared to Charlemagne.	44
5226319378	sati	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	45
5226321150	bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva	46
5226327574	kabir	Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	47
5226327575	sultan	Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country	48
5226329158	holy land	The region of present-day Israel; includes the city of Jerusalem, which is a holy city to Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.	49
5226331156	chinggis khan	Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world.	50
5226332516	mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	51
5226332517	rajas	originally, a chieftain in the Aryan society of early India, a representative of the gods; later used more generally to denote a ruler	52
5226334458	sultans of delhi	wanted to expand Islam, patrons of the arts, built Islamic sites like mosques, authority didn't spread beyond Delhi, raided Deccan region but didn't conquer, most were assassinated, relied on Hindu kings	53
5226338219	stateless societies	African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states	54
5226338220	almoravids	A puritanical reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain.	55
5226341690	almohadis	A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa.	56
5226344658	sahel	a strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as "the shore of the desert"	57
5226344659	sudanic states	States trading to north Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways.	58
5226344660	mali empire	From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.	59
5226344661	juula	Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa	60
5226346714	sundiata	the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes	61
5226349078	axum	The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.	62
5226349079	timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	63
5226351024	songhay	Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali	64
5226351025	askia muhammad	Ruler of the Songhai empire from 1493 to 1528 who expanded the empire and organized its government	65
5226353334	hausa states	States, such as Kano, among the Hausa of northern Nigeria; combined Islamic and indigenous beliefs.	66
5226353335	demographic transition	change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates	67
5226355060	nok	West Africa's earliest known cultural group.	68
5226355061	yoruba	A West African people who formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and Southern Nigeria.	69
5226356638	ile-ife	the capital of a kingdom of the West African rain forest	70
5226356639	benin	a kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s	71
5226357873	kongo kingdom	Relations with Portugal. King Alfonso I (Nzinga) became Christian. Slave raiding common	72
5226357874	great zimbabwe	City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.	73