APES Vocab Flashcards

9753103461	Photosynthesis Formula	6CO2 + 6H2O = C6_H12_O6 + 6O2	0
9753103462	Aerobic Respiration Formula	O2+ glucose ➡ CO2 + H2O + ATP	1
9753133545	BOD	Amount of O2 needed by aerobic decomposers (Biological Oxygen Demand)	2
9753137453	Eutrophication	Rapid algae growth in a body of water due to an excess of nitrogen and phosphorous	3
9753141349	Hypoxia	Aquatic plants die increasing BOD (Biological oxygen demand) reducing dissolved oxygen levels	4
9753147116	Primary Air Pollutants	Directly emitted from source ( Carbon Monoxide , Carbon dioxide , Sulfur dioxide , Nitrogen monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter)	5
9753156363	Secondary Air Pollutants	Air pollutants in the atmosphere that form from reacting with primary air pollutants (ex. photo chemical smog)	6
9753174423	El nino	El Nino Southern Oscillation Eastern Pacific experiences warmer climate preventing up welling due to lower themocline (more rain=more flooding) Droughts in Western pacific (No water=Famine)	7
9753198081	Troposphere	Closet to sea level, where weather occurs	8
9753199031	Stratosphere	Provides Ozone layer	9
9753199996	Transpiration	Water evaporates from plants into atmosphere	10
9753202686	Global Percent of Freshwater use for agriculture	70%	11
9753204199	Global Percent of Freshwater in water table	22%	12
9753205635	House hold appliance that uses the most water	Toilet flushing	13
9753209325	Loamy	Soil ideal for farming, nutrient rich, and holds air and water well	14
9753211467	Primary Succession	Land devoid of soil, lifeless, magma forming island	15
9753214171	Secondary Succession	Land that has experienced force fire, removing plants, but keeping soil	16
9753217380	Mutualism	Cooperation between two organisms, both benefit ( Bees)	17
9753219328	Commensalism	One organism benefits, other is neutral (Bird in tree)	18
9753224706	Parasitism	One organisms benefits at the cost of the host (Tape worm, Mosquito)	19
9753229933	Density Dependent Factors	Effects depend on the size and population of a species (Competition, Disease, space)	20
9753234916	Density Independent Factors	Effects do not depend of size or population of a species (Floods, fires,drought)	21
9753238862	Carrying Capacity	The upper limit of organisms an environment can sustain	22
9753241008	R-selected species (Opportunistic)	Density independent, Boom and bust population growth/ J curve, short life, fast reproduction only once, many offspring, type III, most die early some longer, (mice, fish, insects)	23
9753253508	K-selected species (Logistic)	Density dependent, S curve, few offspring, slow maturity, longer lives, type I or II, most live to max life span, (Elephants, humans, mammals)	24
9753266755	MPG	Maximum Population Growth always exponential, species over produce	25
9753268689	Biotic Potential	Amount of offspring an organism is capable of having	26
9753270550	Type I	Survival decreases with age (Humans)	27
9753273795	Type II	Survival don't change (Reptiles,Birds)	28
9753275041	Type III	Survival increases with age (Fish, mice, insects)	29
9753276363	TFR	Totally Fertility Rate- avg number of kids a woman will have	30
9753280223	Rate of Natural increase	r=(b-d)/1000 *100	31
9753283147	Demographic Transition model	Stage 1-4 Increasing Women Empowerment decreases population as they have less kids because they are focused on education in both Stage 2 and 3	32
9753289264	Age Structure Diagram S2	Fat Base, skinny top, growing population	33
9753293929	Age Structure Diagram S3	Slim, rectangular, stable population	34
9753297031	Age Structure Diagram S4	V shaped decreasing population	35
9753298399	Doubling time formula	70/rate of natural increase	36
9753299349	Demographic divide	Developed countries and developing face completely different problems. S2 Overpopulation, famine, disease, poverty, technology, 3rd world problems S3+4 Consumerism, Higher education, malnutrition, 1st world problems	37
9753307758	O Horizon	Humus (organic matter)	38
9753308692	A Horizon	Top soil (minerals + organic matter)	39
9753309809	B Horizon	Subsoil (clay + minerals)	40
9753310885	C Horizon	Above bedrock Contains rocks	41
9753314830	D Horizon	Bed rock	42
9753317853	Mineral Reserve	Amount of mineral resource that can economically be recovered	43
9753332349	Nitrogen Oxides	(NO) Source:cars Effects: promotes acidification of lakes, respiratory irritant, leads to smog and ozone. Reduce by using catalytic converters	44
9753338354	Sulfur Oxides	(SO) Source: coal burning Effects: acid deposition, respiratory irritant, damages plants. Reduce by using scrubbers	45
9753346730	Carbon Oxides	(CO2)Source: cars and incomplete combustion (burning wood leaves ash=incomplete) Effects: contributes to global warming and binds to hemoglobin reducing bloods ability to carry oxygen Reduce by using catalytic converters	46
9753363530	Ozone in troposphere	(O3) Secondary pollutant Effects: respiratory irritant and plant damage Reduce by reducing NO emissions and VOCs Ex. benzene, formaldehyde	47
9753369627	VOCs	Volatile organic compounds change from liquid to vapor easily used in air fresheners, path thinners, released by burning fuel	48
9753378526	Radon	Radioactive gas from decay of Uranium can seeps through cracks of houses Causes Lung Cancer	49
9753382309	Acid deposition	Sulfuric and nitric acid lowering pH of water (acid rain)	50
9753386650	Green House Gases	H2O vapor, CO2, O3, Ch4, CFCs Trap infrared heat from sun	51
9753397430	External Costs	Harmful environmental side effects not reflected in product price	52
9753398782	Subduction	When a one tectonic plate goes under another	53
9753403143	Convergence	Two tectonic plates collide either causing subduction or forms a mountain	54
9753407776	Transfomative	When two tectonic plates slide against each other	55
9753413856	1st Law of Thermodynamics	Energy Cannot be Created Nor Destroyed, but Can Change from one Form to another	56
9753415664	2nd Law of Thermodynamics	When energy changes form, some of it is lost (such as heat in friction) entropy, no process is 100% efficient	57
9753420421	Nuclear Fission	Atoms split releasing energy used in nuclear power plants	58
9753420952	Nuclear Fusion	Atoms combine (Powers the sun)	59
9753425598	Green Revolution	Uses Monoculture and hi-put farming methods to feed global population. Using irrigation, fossil fuel machines, pesticides, and fertilizers	60
9753428654	Monoculture	Low genetic diversity in agriculture, causes soil problems from no crop roatation.	61
9753432663	Biotanicals	Organic insecticide that biodegrades but most be applied constantly (nicotine)	62
9753434843	Chlorinated Hydrocarbons	Synthetic insecticides that bio accumulate/last long, non toxic to humans, but nerotoxin for fish (DDT)	63
9753441149	Organophosphates	Nerve gas toxic to everything, but biodegrades	64
9753443335	Importance of Pesticides	Developed nation's economy relies on it, protects human health by killing vectors of disease	65
9753447559	Vector	Any organisms that carry disease (Mosquitoes Malaria, Rats black plague, ticks Lyme disease)	66
9753454186	#1 Problem of Pesticides	Bio accumulation of chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT) bio magnify and endangered top predators such as eagles and hawks Solution: GMOs, organic farms, biodegradable pesticides	67
9753458519	#2 Problem of Pesticides	Leads to Genetic Resistance as killing only the weaks only let the strong reproduce Solution: GMOs, IPM (Integrated Pest Management) Inter cropping, Biological controls (lady bugs, cane toads), reproductive controls (sterile Male)	68
9782986368	5 Products of Oil	Tar, Asphalt, Gasoline, Diesel, Plastics	69
9782989565	CAFE	The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (Regulates fuel efficiency of cars and light trucks)	70
9782994120	Open Pit Mining	Digging a big hole in the earth (Quarry) Causes Habitat Loss, acid mine drainage, and erosion	71
9782998657	Sub-surface Mining	Digging a mine to go underground Problems: Human Health (collapses, fires, black lung)	72
9783002099	Strip Mining	Machines strip strands of land leaving spoiled banks leading to acid mine drainage	73
9783006530	Mountaintop Removal	Exploding a mountain, causes habitat loss, waste rock, dirt, and mining minerals such as mercury contaminate groundwater	74
9783014856	Ocean Drilling	Harvesting oil and natural gas using hydraulic fracking	75
9783025015	Main Pollutants of Mining	CO2, SO2, NO2, PM, CH4 (methane), soil/water pollution from runoff include: sediments(eutrophication), sulfuric acid, and mercury	76
9783035194	What Happened at Fukushima Daiichi	Nuclear meltdown from tsunami hit after 9.0 earthquake, no fatalities but short term radiation	77
9783040099	Watershed	land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances via small streams to a major steam (river) as well as replenishes aquifers	78
9783044015	Clean Air Act	US federal law designed to control air pollution. Requires the EPA to develop and enforce regulations against airborne pollutants known to be hazardous to human health.	79
9783046753	Clean Water Act of 1972	The EPA is charged with implementing pollution control programs and ensure water quality standards for surface waters. Does not protect groundwater, wells or artificial lakes.	80
9783051976	Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974	The EPA sets standards to protect drinking water against contaminants like animal wastes, chemical wastes, etc. Does not cover private wells.	81
9783059934	3 Sources of Methane	Cattle farms, landfill, natural gas emissions	82
9783064744	4 innovations of the Green Revolution	1. Artificial Selection/GMO's 2. Irrigation 3. Synthetic Pesticides/Herbicides 4. Synthetic fertilizers	83
9783067662	The Pesticide treadmill	Because organisms can become resistant to pesticides, farmers are caught on a treadmill of having to use stronger and stronger chemicals. Overtime pests become resistant to pesticides.	84
9783071690	4 ways to conserve water	1. Eat lower in the food chain (less H20 intensive foods) 2. Use gray water to flush toilet or landscape. 3. Low flow appliances. 4. Only do full loads of wash.	85
9783073956	Turbidity	Measure of water clarity	86
9783075329	Levels of coal (lowest energy to highest)	Peat, lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, anthracite	87
9783081430	Problem with fracking	Uses high pressure to extract oil and gas, could lead to contamination of groundwater	88
9783089772	Chemical formula of troposphere ozone in phtochemical smog	NOx (nitrogen Oxides) + VOC (volatile organic compounds from burning gasoline) + Sunlight ------> O3	89
9783098513	2 Benefits of wetlands	1)Flood control 2)Natural filter	90
9783101144	"Hazardous" characteristics	1.Poisonous 2.Chemically Reactive 3.Corrosive 4.Flammable	91
9783104694	Chemical formula(s) of acid rain	SO3 + H2O→ H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) OR NO2 + H2O→HNO3 (nitric acid)	92
9783105909	Kwashiorkor	Life-threatening and debilitating form of malnutrition. It's caused by a lack of protein in the diet common in developing countires.	93
9783109868	Marasmus	Most common form of acute malnutrition	94
9783113440	NIMBY	Not In My Back Yard, which is opposition by residents to a proposal for a new development because it is too close to them, even though it is needed by society (i.e. landfills, power plants, etc.)	95
9783116087	Formaldehyde	Emitted from many building materials (plywood, particleboard, and various household products (furniture, drapes, upholstery, adhesives in carpeting and wallpaper)	96
9783121029	Positive feedback loop in the ocean	CO2 + H2O ⇄ H2CO3 (carbonic acid)	97
9783128000	Hydroponics	The process of growing plants in sand, gravel, or liquid, with added nutrients, but without soil.	98
9783129255	Importance of Silicon	Used in photo voltaic cells. (solar panels)	99
9858767989	Catalytic converters convert these into CO2	Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons	100
9858777775	This place experiences largest annual temperature change from global warming	Alaska	101
9858781052	Aerosols are linked to what in the atmosphere?	Cooling	102
9858783016	Why doesn't H2O vapor contribute to global warming?	Short duration in atmosphere	103
9858787877	Problem with herbicides for fish	Endocrine disruptors	104
9858791746	Ex. of Tragedy of the commons	Water pollution from oil rigs in Gulf of Mex.	105
9858801816	Coal ash	Contains Arsenic and mercury	106
9858809634	Primary Sewage Treatment	Removal of solids	107
9858810568	Secondary sewage Treatment	Biological process to remove dissolved and suspended organic compounds.	108
9858819709	75% of solid waste source	Mining (spoil banks and slag from smelting)	109
9858826051	Percent change formula	(Original - New)/Original*100	110
9858836110	H20 Temp Increases from logging because	Water table lowered from trees not keeping water in the soil-> Shallower water-> Heats up faster	111
9858841509	Rachel Carson's significance	Pesticide Awareness wrote "Silent Spring"	112
9858845635	Contains most chromium, platinum, magnesium	South Africa but actually entirely Wakanda (Makes sense tho)	113
9858858033	Anoxia	Void of Oxygen	114
9858869441	Solving Environmental Problems steps	1.Sound alarm (Individuals/ people find problem) 2.Scientific Assessment (problem w/ research) 3.Risk Analysis (Balance Cost/Risks) 4.Public Education (Provide solutions) 5. Political Action (Laws/acts) 6. Follow Through (Monitoring)	115
9858883797	3 Points to solving environmental problems	Environmentally Sustainable Economically Viable Socially Acceptable	116
9858890781	Lake Washington	Ex. of Eutrophication	117
9858893055	Zebra Mussels (Great Lakes)	Invasive species	118
9858905093	Amount of people in the U.S.	About 325 Million	119
9858906325	Age of earth	4.5 billions years	120
9858911634	Kyoto Protocol: 1997	Made to reduce Green house gas emissions	121
9858916912	Montreal Protocol 1989	Banned CFCs (helped protect ozone layer)	122
9858921760	3 Most commons produced grains	1. Corn 2. Wheat 3. Rice	123
9862996762	CERCLA/Super fund (Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act)	A Federal fund to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous-waste sites as well as accidents, spills, and other emergency releases of pollutants and contaminants into the environment.	124
9863090205	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	Gives EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from the "cradle-to-grave."	125
9863168818	Toxic Substances Control Act 1976	provides EPA with authority to require reporting, record-keeping and testing requirements, and restrictions relating to chemical substances and/or mixtures.	126
9863226508	Asbestos	Heat resistant fibers that cause lung disease if inhaled	127
9863269388	Formaldehyde	Colorless, flammable gas at room temperature and has a strong odor. Resins used wood furniture Building materials and insulation for preservation.	128
9863359686	Most of U.S. municipal waste goes	Sanitary landfills	129
9863434352	Thermal Inversion Caused by	Mountainous geography creating a bowl and layers of warm air between cold air	130
9867269470	Heat Trapping Ability (Greatest to least)	CFCs, CH4 (methane), NO2, CO2	131
9867286432	Greenhouse gases order of abundance in atmosphere (greatest to least)	CO2, CH4, NO2, CFCs	132
9867302395	Most abundant element in atmosphere	Nitrogen	133
9867324230	Mitigation	to reduce severity (problem has happened)	134
9867330527	Adaptation	to be better suited for an environment (prevent problem for happening)	135
9893499962	Indicator species	Shows if a disease causing pathogen are present (Ex. Fecal coliform bacteria such as E. coli.)	136
9893533444	Manure Lagoon	Man made pond lined with rubber to handle large amounts of livestock waste	137
9893563520	Leach Fields	Part of a septic system made out of underground pipes	138
9893585535	Septage	Clean water in the middle of septic tanks containing the bacteria, pathogens, and inorganic nutrients	139
9893606656	Sludge	Solid waster from washwater	140
9893633673	Acid mine drainage		141
9893674655	Perchlrolates	Harmful chemicals used in rocket fuels	142
9894163134	Exxon Valdez oil	Alaska 1989 Ship spilled 11 million gallons of oil off the coast	143
9894185769	Deep Water Horizon Oil spil	Pipe break 1 mile below ocean floor released 206 million gallons of oil	144