AP World History Period 1 and 2 Flashcards

9123534933	Eurasia	The large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia.	0
9123534934	Animism	The belief that animals, Rivers, and other elements of nature embody spirits.	1
9123534935	Hunter-foragers	People who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, nuts, fruits, and edible roots.	2
9123534938	Migration	A movement from one country or region to another.	3
9123534939	Monotheism	The belief in one God.	4
9123534940	Paleolithic Period	Old Stone Age, where humanos used stone tools and weapons.	5
9123534941	Specialization of labor	The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work.	6
9123534942	Surplus	Having more resources than needed for themselves.	7
9123534943	Textile	Items made of cloth, would be weaved by women and then decorated, usually all at home.	8
9123534944	Urbanization	An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.	9
9123534945	Overgrazing	The continual eating of grasses or their roots, without allowing them to regrow.	10
9123534946	Overfarming	Land loosing its fertility unless it is left fallow or it was fertilized usually by spreading of animal manure.	11
9123534947	Artifacts	Objects made and used by early humans, usually dug up by archaeologists.	12
9123534948	Neolithic Revolution	The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle.	13
9123534949	Bronze Age	The period in ancient human culture when people began to make and use bronze.	14
9123534950	Civilization	The stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.	15
9123534953	Nomadic Pastoralism	People moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture.	16
9123534954	Kinship Group	Several related families that moved together in search of food.	17
9123534955	Clan	Group of families with a common ancestor.	18
9123534956	Tribe	A group of people who share a common ancestry, language, name, and way of living.	19
9123534957	Patriarchal	Relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority.	20
9123534958	Merchants	People who buy and sell goods also known as traders.	21
9123534959	Social Stratification	The division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy. Some people accumulated wealth in the form of jewelry and others coveted items by building larger and better decorated houses.	22
9123534960	Priests and Priestesses	People who performed religious ceremonies.	23
9123534961	Tigris and Euphrates Rivers	Flow south from modern day Turkey through what is now Iraq to empty into the Persian Gulf.	24
9123534962	Mesopotamia	Land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where many ancient civilizations arose from.	25
9123534963	Fertile Crescent	An arc of fertile land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf .	26
9123534964	Sumerians	Group of nomadic pastoralists that migrated into Mesopotamia and created a civilization of Sumer that provided the core and the foundation of several other civilizations.	27
9123534965	Ziggurats	Temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped.	28
9123534966	Desertification	The spread of desert like conditions.	29
9123534967	Indus River Valley	Developed near water and became the core and foundation of later civilizations in the region.	30
9123534968	Environmental Degradation	Caused the gradual decline and eventual disappearance of the Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations by soil eroding.	31
9123534969	Deforestation	The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.	32
9123534971	Mesoamerica	An area of ancient civilization in what is now Central America.	33
9123534972	Glyphs	The first writing system in the Americas that used pictures and symbols of real ojects.	34
9123534973	Barter	Trading system in which people exchange goods directly without using money.	35
9123534974	Polytheistic	Belief in many gods.	36
9123534976	Astronomy	The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space.	37
9123534977	Astrology	Theory of the influence of planets and stars on human events.	38
9123534978	Abraham	Founder of Judaism.	39
9123534979	Moses	Led the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments.	40
9123534980	Ten Commandments	Laws given by God to Moses that tell Jews how to behave in their daily lives.	41
9123534981	Jewish Diaspora	The scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 B.C.E.	42
9123534982	The Huang He and The Chiang Jiang	Where Chinas first civilizations developed.	43
9123534983	Mummification	Involved removing the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts, and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth.	44
9123534984	Hieroglyphics	Egyptian writing that involved using pictures to represent words.	45
9123534985	Papyrus	A type of plant that grew along the Nile River, used its fibers to create a type of paper.	46
9123534987	Vedic Age	Aryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs.	47
9123534986	Vedas	A collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs.	48
9123534988	Brahma	Overarching, universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth.	49
9123534989	Dharma	In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties.	50
9123534990	Karma	The effects that good or bad actions have on a person's soul.	51
9123534991	Moksha	The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.	52
9123534992	Ancestor Veneration	The believe of making offerings to their ancestors in hope to win their favor.	53
9123534993	Golden Age	A period in which a society or culture is at its peak.	54
9123534994	Mandate of Heaven/Divine Right	A just rulers power was bestowed by the gods.	55
9123534995	Upanishads	A foundational text for the set of religious beliefs that later became known as Hinduism.	56
9123534997	Shamans	People who believed to have special abilities to cure the sick and influence the future.	57
9123534998	Core and Foundational civilizations	Civilizations that developed ways of life, such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices, that would heavily influence successor civilizations in their regions.	58
9123534999	City-State	Typically covered several hundred square miles and were independent each with its own government.	59
9123535000	Kings	Sumerian military leaders became more important than priests and ruled over a territory known as a kingdom.	60
9123535001	Cuneiform	Sumerians created it to keep records which consisted of marks carved onto wet clay tablets.	61
9123535002	Scribes	Individuals who were charged first with record-keeping and later with the writing of history and myths.	62
9123535003	The Epic of Gilgamesh	An epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature.	63
9123535004	Empire	Large territory that included diverse cultural groups.	64
9123535005	Babylonians	Persians who took control of Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon.	65
9123535006	Hammurabi	Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC), and created a set of laws called the Code of Hammurabi.	66
9123535007	Code of Hammurabi	Law code introduced when Hammurabi of Babylon took over Sumer in 1760 BC, that dealt with topics such as property rights, wages, contracts, marriage, and various crimes.	67
9123535008	Phoenicians	Most powerful traders along the Mediterranean, that occupied parts of present day Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan around 3000 B.C.E.	68
9123535009	Carthage	A Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa, that became a significant outpost in the region.	69
9123535011	Sahara and Kalahari Deserts	Two desert zones one in Northern Africa and the other in Southern Africa.	70
9123535012	Nile River	The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.	71
9123535013	Old Kingdom	A period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC.	72
9123535014	Middle Kingdom	A period of order and stability that lasted until about 1750 BC.	73
9123535015	New Kingdom	The period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory.	74
9123535016	Pharaoh	A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.	75
9123535017	Theocracy	Rulers holding both religious and political power. A government controlled by religious leaders	76
9123535018	Hyksos	A group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.	77
9123535019	Akhenaton	The pharaoh that tried to change Egypts religion and called for the worship of a sun god called Aten.	78
9123535020	Ramses the Great	Took the throne around 1290 B.C.E. who expanded the empire into Southwest Asia and built more temples and erected more statues than any other pharaoh.	79
9123535021	Hittites	Had military advantage over the Egyptians because they were beginning to use iron tools and weapons.	80
9123535022	Dravidians	Indigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent.	81
9123535023	Xia Dynasty	Lasted for about 400 years, little is known because early Chinese had no writing system.	82
9123535024	Shang Dynasty	Ruled for 600 years, conquered neighboring peoples and established an empire, wielded tremendous economic and religious power.	83
9123535025	Zhou Dynasty	The longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.	84
9123535026	Feudalism	The network of regional rulers with relationships based on mutual defense agreements.	85
9123535027	Maize	One of the first important plants to be grown by the indigenous Americans.	86
9123535028	Chavin Civilization	Existed from around 1000 to 200 B.C.E, and centered at Chavin de Huantar.	87
9123535029	Olmec	The foundation or core of Mesoamerica advanced civilizations.	88
9123535030	Aboriginals	People in Australia who remained hunter-foragers.	89
9123535031	Easter Island	Divided into clans, with a chief for each clan and one chief over all clans.	90
9123535032	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	91
9123535033	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	92
9123535036	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	93
9123535037	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	94
9123535038	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	95
9123535039	Athenian democracy	A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.	96
9123535040	Atman	The human soul, which in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman.	97
9123535041	Axum	Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E.	98
9123535045	Battle of Marathon	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.	99
9123535049	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	100
9123535050	Buddhism	came to China from connection with India -> Siddhartha Gautama (originated in India in 530 BCE); Enlightenment, 4 noble truths, 8 fold path, nirvana, reincarnation	101
9123535051	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	102
9123535053	Caste System	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	103
9123535054	Chavin	Andean town that was the center of a large Peruvian religious movement from around 900 to 200 B.C.E.	104
9123535055	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, men are superior to women, people are good at heart	105
9123535056	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	106
9123535057	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	107
9123535059	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	108
9123535061	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	109
9123535062	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	110
9123535063	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	111
9123535066	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	112
9123535067	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	113
9123535068	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	114
9123535069	Han dynasty	Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.	115
9123535070	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	116
9123535071	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	117
9123535072	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	118
9123535073	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	119
9123535074	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	120
9123535081	Jenne-jeno	Largest and most fully studied of the cities of the Niger Valley civilization	121
9123535082	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	122
9123535086	Ksatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers.	123
9123535089	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	124
9123535092	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	125
9123535093	Maya	The major classical civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E.	126
9123535094	Moche	An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800 C.E.	127
9123535096	Mound Builders	Members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 B.C.E.-1250 C.E.	128
9123535098	Niger Valley Civilization	Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger Valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements.	129
9123535099	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	130
9123535100	Olympic Games	Greek religious festival and athletic competition in honor of Zeus; founded in 776B.C.E. and celebrated every four years.	131
9123535101	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	132
9123535102	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	133
9123535104	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	134
9123535105	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	135
9123535106	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	136
9123535107	Plato	A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.	137
9123535108	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	138
9123535109	Pueblo	"Great house" of the Ancestral Pueblo people; a large, apartment building-like structure that could house hundreds of people.	139
9123535110	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	140
9123535111	Pythagoras	A major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.	141
9123535112	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	142
9123535113	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	143
9123535116	Saint Paul	The first great popularizer of Christianity (10-65 C.E.).	144
9123535115	"ritual purity" in Indian social practice	In India, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods.	145
9123535119	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	146
9123535120	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	147
9123535121	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	148
9123535122	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	149
9123535123	Teotihuacán	The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, flourished between 300 and 600 C.E., during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods."	150
9123535124	Theodosius	Roman emperor (r. 379-395 C.E.) who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals.	151
9123535127	the "three obediences"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.	152
9123535129	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	153
9123535131	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	154
9123535135	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	155
9123535136	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.	156
9123535137	Yahweh	The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice.	157
9123535138	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty.	158
9123535139	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	159
9123535140	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	160
9123535141	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	161
9123535142	Roman Empire	stretched from modern day Britain to modern day Iran.	162
9123535143	Acupuncture	Chinese medical practice of inserting needles into certain areas of the body influenced by Daoism	163
9123535146	Han	Chinese dynasty that ruled from 202 B.C.E.-220 C.E, embraced Confucianism.	164
9123535147	Cyrus the Great	First emperor of Persia--was good to conquered people.	165
9123535149	Julius Caesar	ancient roman general whose murder led to the end of the roman republic	166
9123535150	Roman roads	were built throughout the empire for trade and transportation; over 50,000 miles	167
9123535151	Silk Roads	Which trade route is indicated by the map?	168
9123535152	monsoons	seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons	169
9123535154	sanskrit	Primary sacred language of hinduism	170
9123535155	reincarnation	Hindu and Buddhist belief that souls are reborn into new bodies over and over.	171
9123535156	Four Noble Truths	as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism	172
9123535157	Eightfold Path	In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering	173
9123535158	sutras	Buddhists sacred writings.	174
9123535159	Five Basic Relationships	ruler/subject; father/son; husband/wife; older brother/younger brother; friend/friend	175
9123535162	Athens	A Greek city-state and the birthplace of democracy.	176
9123535163	Sparta	a greek city-state known for its strength and trained warriors	177
9123535164	Peloponnesian War	30 year conflict between Sparta and Athens that ended with a Spartan victory but left Greece weak	178
9123535165	Hellenism	Cultural syncretism that blended five of the greatest classical civilizations after Alexander the Great	179
9123535166	bureaucracies	ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures developed in earnest by the classical empires	180
9123535167	Great Wall of China	First stages built by Qin Shihuangdi	181
9123535169	Pataliputra	The capital of both Mauryan and Gupta empires	182
9123535170	Alexandria	An ancient city in Egypt built by Alexander the Great; center of Hellenism	183
9123535171	Constantinople	The capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire	184
9123535175	Huns	A tribe originating north of China; one of the last barbarian groups to invade Western Europe; helped bring an end to the Han, Gupta, and Romans	185