World History Quarter 1 Review Flashcards

7568376400	specialization	to focus in on one specific task and get good at it	0
7568376401	Paleolithic Era	time period of the Stone Age where people focused on hunting and gathering and language was not yet spoken	1
7568376402	Neolithic Era	also called the New Stone Age; classified by people beginning to establish villages and civilizations through farming. Language was developed, making it the defining characteristic of the start of this period.	2
7568376403	cuneiform	first written language; originated in Mesopotamia	3
7568376404	hieroglyphics	written language by the Egyptians; pictures stand for words	4
7568376405	Rosetta Stone	used to help interpret hieroglyphics	5
7568376406	Hammurabi's Code	strict Babylonian law that was used to enforce order in society; ex. an eye for an eye, a hand for a hand	6
7568376407	Buddhism	ancient religion founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama; goal is to reach Enlightenment or nirvana	7
7568376408	4 Noble Truths	guides the religion of Buddhism	8
7568376409	Middle Way	In Buddhism, this is the in-between being a total ascetic and living a life of pure luxury	9
7568376410	Moksha	in Hinduism, this is the term that means you are released from Samsara (cycle of birth, death and rebirth)	10
7568376411	Judaism	first monotheistic religion founded by Abraham	11
7568376412	Confucianism	religion/way of life that emphasizes respect for elders and traditional values	12
7568376413	hunter-gatherer	earliest way of life in which people would search and kill animals for their food	13
7568376414	Agricultural Revolution	period of time where people moved from hunting and gathering to permanent villages where they would farm for life	14
7568376415	Persian Wars	series of wars between Greek city-states and the Persians for control of the Peloponnesian Peninsula	15
7568376416	Herodotus	Greek; known as the "father of history"	16
7568376417	The Royal Road	highway through the Persian empire used to exchange goods and services easier/quicker	17
7568376418	democracy	government by the people; first seen in Athens, Greece	18
7568376419	Thucydides	historian that studied Athens and Greek history and wrote detailed accounts about them	19
7568376420	Sparta	militarily strong Greek city-state; Council of Elders ruled their government	20
7568376421	Athens	democracy Greek city-state; led by the Council of 500 to rule their government; intelligence/schooling was the focus of their society	21
7568376422	Olympia	place in Greece where the Greek gods lived	22
7568376423	Ionia	wanted to gain independence away from the Persians, thus choose to align themselves with the Greeks, starting war with between the Greeks and Persians	23
7568376424	Alexander the Great	greatest leader of Greek times; was able to conquer large area of the Mediterranean; gave way to the Hellenistic Period	24
7568376425	Golden Age of Greece	period of time where Greece was at peace and society was prospering/growing	25
7568376426	Hellenistic Period	time where Greek ideas/culture was spread all over the Mediterranean	26
7568376427	Christianity	religion in which Jesus is said to be the Messiah; monotheistic	27
7568376428	Patricians	Rich, upper-class in early Roman society	28
7568376429	Plebians	lower class; usually peasants in Roman society	29
7568376430	Punic Wars	battles between Carthage and Rome over control of the Mediterranean, Spain and Italy	30
7568376431	Pax Romana	time period of Roman Peace; trade flourished and Christianity fled	31
7568376432	princep	highest title given to a Roman citizen; also means first citizen	32
7568376433	Marcus Aurelius	Roman emperor from 161-180; is seen as the last great Roman emperor out of the 5 good emperors	33
7568376434	Julius Caesar	Roman emperor who helped to bring Rome to peace and grow the economy; was murdered in fear of his growing strength	34
7568376435	Caesar Augustus	named first "princep"; most popular Roman Emperor who conquered much of the Mediterranean	35
7568376436	Divide of Rome	split into the East and West; East continued to survive for years to come, while the west would eventually fall	36
7568376437	Byzantine Empire	continued to exist in the East, even after the Roman Empire Fell; new name given to this empire	37
7568376438	aqueducts	Roman invention that was used to transport water from place to place	38
7568376439	public bath	place where Roman citizens would gather to bathe together	39
7568376440	Fall of Western Roman Empire	empire fell due to invaders, weakening leaders, struggling economy (inflation) and an empire that was too large to control	40
7568376441	Constantine	emperor of the Byzantine empire who made Christianity the official religion of the empire	41
7568376442	Aztecs	group located in central Mexico; sacrificed thousands of people to their gods and had floating gardens on the land that they lived	42
7568376443	Mayans	early society located on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico; known for creating their own calendars and slash/burn farming; never fell, instead some of their culture has faded into the jungle	43
7568376444	Incas	early civilization located in the Andes mountains; is known for its extensive roads and quipu communication system	44
7568376445	Vedic India	first society after the fall of the Indus River Civilization ran by the Aryan people	45
7568376446	varnas	classes in Aryan society	46
7568376447	dynasty	a line of hereditary rulers; mostly seen in China	47
7568376448	Qin Dynasty	ruler was Shi Huangdi; built the Great Wall of China; known for using harsh Legalist policies that included book burning of Confucian scholars	48
7568376449	Shi Huangdi	emperor during the Qin Dynasty; put into effect Legalism; Terra Cotta Army buried with him	49
7568376450	Great Wall of China Uses	defense and trade	50
7568376451	Mandate of Heaven	gave reason for the change in the dynastic cycle; for all the good that occurred, so would dynastic leaders stay in power; when something bad occurred it would tell the people that dynasties needed to switch power	51
7568376452	dynastic cycle	period of time of Chinese rulers	52
7568376453	civil servants	government employees who gained their positions through merit in China	53
7568376454	civil service exam	extremely difficult test given to those who wanted to serve in the government; based on Confucian thought	54
7568376455	Legalism	policy created by Shi Huangdi	55
7568376456	Daoism	seeks harmony through nature and balance	56
7568376457	Jainism	belief in nonviolence; branch of Hinduism	57
7568376458	Chandragupta Maurya	founded the Mauryan dynasty in India	58
7568376459	Ashoka	united India and the Maurya dynasty under the religion of Buddhism	59
7568376460	Genghis Khan	united the Mongols and invaded China	60
7568376461	Kublai Khan	was able to conquer China and spread Mongol influence throughout Asia	61
7568376462	Silk Road	most ancient and important trade route that stretched from Asia to Europe	62
7568376463	Pax Mongolica	Period of Mongol Peace	63
7568376464	Marco Polo	Italian explorer who found the glories of China, wrote a book and shared his traveling experiences	64
7568376465	Swahili	language and culture of Eastern Africa Cities	65
7568376466	West African Kingdoms	early kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai	66
7568376467	African Trade	most important products were gold and salt	67
7568376468	Timbuktu	major Islamic city of learning and trade	68
7568376469	Mansa Musa	traveler from Mali on a pilgrimage to Mecca; spread Islam and put Mali on the map; was known for carrying gold and simply giving it away on his journey; built up the city of Timbuktu with Muslim culture	69
7568376470	Islam	religion founded by the prophet Muhammad; follows the 5 Pillars as a guide to this religion	70
7568376471	Groups of Islam	Sunni (believe anyone can be a ruler of Islam) and Shiah (believe only Muhammad's descendants can be rulers of Islam)	71
7568376472	Muhammad	founder of Islam; known as the Islamic prophet/messenger of God	72
7568376473	Qur'an	the holy book of Islam	73
7568376474	Allah	Islamic word for God	74
7568376475	Orthodox Church	the eastern church of the Byzantine Empire	75
7568376476	Hagia Sophia	symbol of the Eastern Orthodox Church	76
7568376477	feudalism	system of loyalty in which Kings, Nobles, Knights and Serfs worked together to protect each other and create a society of order	77
7568376478	Black Plague/Black Death	deadly disease that wiped out 1/3 of Europe's population; led to an age of increased ideas and knowledge	78
7568376479	Charlemagne	Frank King who was able to unite much of Europe under one Christian empire	79
7568376480	guild	a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power	80
7568376481	chivalry	code lived by all Knights during feudal times	81
7568376482	theocracy	government in which the person who is in charge is a representative of the church; church rules government	82
7568376483	monarchy	government where the king is in charge; when the king dies, his heir (often his son) takes over	83
7568376484	Great Schism	Split between the Christian Church into Eastern and Western Churches	84
7568376485	Crusades	religious holy wars petitioned by the pope to reclaim the holy land	85
7568376486	Renaissance	rebirth of knowledge	86
7568376487	Greek/Roman Influence	brought back during the Renaissance as the cultural hearth of development	87
7568376488	Italy	place where the Renaissance began	88
7568376489	Goal of Renaissance	focus on individuality, art, culture, innovation, etc.	89
7568376490	Martin Luther	led the Protestant Reformation by questioning the practices of the Catholic Church	90
7568376491	Saladin	Muslim commander who befriended Richard the Lion Hearted to win the 3rd Crusade	91
7568376492	Justinian	Byzantine ruler who re-codified laws for all citizens	92
7568376493	Protestants	those who supported the Reformation	93
7568376494	Jesuits	religious group who came out of the Reformation that followed the Bible strictly and set up schools of religious learning	94
7568376495	printing press	credited to be invented by Johannes Gutenberg; helped to spread religious thought because everyone could get the information	95
7568376496	Catholic Church during the Reformation	decreased in power	96
7568376497	95 Theses	pinned to the door in Wittenberg accusing the Catholic Church of all of their wrongdoings	97