AP Psychology Language and Cognition Flashcards

8474861055	Innateness Theory of Language	Chomsky, children acquire language not just through imitation, but by following pre programed steps to acquire language LAD language acquisition device mental structure that facilitates learning of language b/c it is preprogrammed w/ fundamental rules All children follow same pattern of acquisition, LAD is flexible to any language	0
8474864332	Language	spoken written or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate	1
8474870881	Phoneme	smallest distinctive sound	2
8474873563	Morpheme	smallest unit that carries meaning (prefix, ed/d, s)	3
8474879060	Grammar	system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate w/ and understand	4
8474882411	Semantic	set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences	5
8474884446	Syntax	rules for combining words in grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	6
8474889193	Babbling Stage	3-4 months, speech development when infants utter various sound correlated to language	7
8474893820	One Word Stage	1-2 yrs, stage of development, speaking using one word	8
8474901919	2 Word Stage	2 years old, child speaks in 2 words sentences	9
8474905898	Telegraphic speech	child speaks using nouns and verbs omitting auxiliary words	10
8474911983	Skinner Model	nurturist, language occurs through learning	11
8474917440	Association	sights and sounds of words	12
8474922531	Imitation	of words and syntax models	13
8474925062	Reinforcement	smiles and hugs	14
8474933924	Chomsky	naturist, we cannot explain language through learning principles, LAD Universal language: have the same building blocks Generate sentences, language can occur naturally Universally speak in nouns	15
8474938342	Concept	mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, people	16
8474947996	Prototype	mental image or best example of a category formed on the basis of frequently experienced features	17
8474952657	Natural Concept	imprecise mental classifications that develop out of everyday experiences Everyday life	18
8474956407	Artificial Concept	defined by set of rules or characteristics, such as dictionary definition or mathematical equations Formed in school	19
8474963443	Cognitive Maps	mental representations of given place or situation Mental image not enough, w/ visual cortex frontal lobe of brain provides us w/ info on the episode, context & stimulation	20
8474968405	Schema	general framework provides expectations of topics, events, objects, people, and situations	21
8474973333	Accommodation	adapting our current understanding to incorporate new info	22
8474978690	Assimilation	interpreting new experiences w/ our existing schema	23
8474983617	Script	schema about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in particular settings	24
8474991608	Algorithms	problem solving procedures or formulas that guarantee a correct outcome if correctly applied Time consuming but guaranteed	25
8474994683	Heuristics	simple, basic rules that serve as shortcuts to solves complex mental tasks Not time consuming, do not guarantee a correct solution	26
8474996953	Insight	sudden realization of a solution to any problem, contrast w/ strategy based solutions	27
8475001880	Mental Set	when faced w/ problems tendency to approach it in a familiar way, especially if it has been successful, but not always in a new problems	28
8475005973	Functional Fixedness	inability to perceive a new use for an object associated w/ a different purpose	29
8475009847	Confirmation Bias	tendency to search info that supports preconceptions and ignore contradictory evidence	30
8475011913	Hindsight Bias	tendency to second guess a decision after the event has happened I knew it all along	31
8475016768	Representative bias (heuristic)	judging likelihood of things in terms of how well they match your prototype	32
8475020195	Availability	estimating likelihood of events based on availability in memory If instances come readily to mind we presume events	33
8475024151	Overconfidence	tendency to overestimate accuracy our knowledge and judgement	34
8475028261	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conception after basis on which they have been formed as discredited	35
8475031048	Framing	the way an issue is posed, can impact judgement and decisions loftus questions	36
8475497330	Intuition	automatic feelings or thoughts as contrasted w/ conscious reasoning	37