Cognitive & Language AP Psych Flashcards

9397103316	cognition	the act of perceiving or knowing	0
9397103317	Concepts	ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities	1
9397103318	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category	2
9397103319	Algorithms	very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems	3
9397103320	Heuristics	mental shortcuts	4
9397103321	creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	5
9397103322	convergent thinking	narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution	6
9397103323	divergent thinking	a type of creative thinking in which one generates new solutions to problems	7
9397103324	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	8
9397103325	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions	9
9397103326	mental set	a habitual strategy or pattern of problem solving	10
9397103327	representativeness heuristic	a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case	11
9397103328	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory	12
9397103329	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	13
9397103330	Anchoring	The tendency for individuals to rely too heavily on a single piece of information.	14
9397103331	intuition	the power of knowing things without thinking; sharp insight	15
9397103332	Framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	16
9397103333	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	17
9397103334	phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	18
9397103335	Morpheme	Smallest unit of meaning	19
9397103336	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	20
9397103337	Semantics	Meaning of words and sentences	21
9397103338	Syntax	Sentence structure	22
9397103339	babbling stage	babies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo	23
9397103340	one-word stage	the stage in which children speak mainly in single words	24
9397103341	two-word stage	they start uttering two word sentences	25
9397103342	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.	26
9397103343	operant learning	B.F. Skinner's theory that we learn language through association, imitation, and reinforcement	27
9397103344	universal grammar	a proposed set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages	28
9397103345	surface structure	how a sentence is worded	29
9397103346	deep structure	the meaning of a sentence	30
9397103347	critical learning	listening to evaluate or analyze	31
9397103348	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	32
9397103349	Noam Chomsky	Created concept of "universal grammar"	33
9397103350	Benjamin Whorf	language; his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think	34
9397103351	Amos Tversky	A key figure in the discovery of systematic human cognitive bias	35
9397103352	Daniel Kahneman	reinforcing Bentham's idea because we now have ways to measure happiness	36