AP Biology Chapter 43 Flashcards

6762743891	Pathogen	A bacterium, fungus, virus or other disease-causing agents	0
6762743892	Immune System	Enables an animal to avoid or limit many infections	1
6762743893	Innate Immunity	Includes Barrier defenses. Rapid response.	2
6762743894	Adaptive Immunity	Aquired immune response. Molecular Recognition relies on a vast arsenal of receptors, each of which recognizes a feature typically found only on a particular part of a particular molecule in a particular pathogen	3
6762743895	Lysozyme	an enzyme that breaks bacterial cell walls	4
6762743896	Phagocytosis	Indigestion and break down bacteria and other foreign substances	5
6762743897	Neutrophils	A type of phagocytic cell. Circulate in the blood, attracted by signals from infected tissues and then engulf and destroy the infecting pathogens	6
6762743898	Macrophages	A larger type of phagocytic cells. "big eaters". Some migrate throughout the body and some reside permanently in organs and tissues.	7
6762743899	Dendritic Cells	Another type of phagocytic cell. populate tissues that contact the environment (skin)	8
6762743900	osinophils	Another type of phagocytic cell. Found beneath mucosal surfaces. Discharge destructive enzymes	9
6762743901	Natural Killer Cells	Involved in cellular innate defenses. Circulate through the body and detect viruses. Release chemicals that leads to cell death	10
6762743902	Interferons	Proteins that provide innate defense by interfering with viral infections	11
6762743903	Complement System	consists of roughly 30 proteins in blood plasma	12
6762743904	Inflammatory Response	The changes brought about by signaling molecules released upon injury or infection,	13
6762743905	Mast Cells	Inflammatory signaling molecule that released histamine.	14
6762743906	Histamine	Stored in mast cells. Triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate and become permeable	15
6762743907	Lymphocytes	White blood cells. Originate from stem cells in the bone marrow.	16
6762743908	T Cells	Originate in bone marrow and mature in thymus (organ in the thoracic cavity above the heart)	17
6762743909	B Cells	Remain and mature in the bone marrow. Y shaped molecule with 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains	18
6762743910	Antigen	Any substance that elicits a B or T cells response	19
6762743911	Antigen Receptor	In adaptive immunity, recognition occurs when a B cell or T cell binds to an antigen, such as a bacterial or viral protein, via a protein called a ?	20
6762743912	Epitope	The small, accessible portion of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor	21
6762743913	Antibody	Secreted protein, also known as immunoglobulin.	22
6762743914	MHC - Major Histocompatibility Complex molecule	The host protein that displays the antigen fragment on the cell surface	23
6762743915	Antigen Presentation	Display of the antigen fragment in an exposed groove of the MHC protein	24
6762743916	Effector Cells	Short-lived cells that take effect immediately against the antigen and any pathogens producing that antigen.	25
6762743917	Plasma Cells	The effector forms of B cells. Secrete antibodies	26
6762743918	Memory Cells	long-lived cells that can give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered later in the animal's life.	27
6762743919	Humoral Immune Response	Occurs in the blood and lymph, which were once called body humors (fluids). In this response, antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph	28
6762743920	Cell-Mediated Immune Response	Specialized T cells destroy infected host cells.	29
6762743921	Helper T Cell	Triggers both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Signals from this cell initiate production of antibodies that neutralize pathogens and activate T cells that will kill the infected cells.	30
6762743922	Cytotoxic T Cells	Use toxic proteins to kill cells infected by viruses or other intracellular pathogens before pathogens fully mature.	31
6762743923	Active Immunity	The defenses that arise when a pathogen infects the body and prompts a primary or secondary immune response	32
6762743924	Passive Immunity	A different type of immunity results when the IgG antibodies in the blood of a pregnant female cross the placenta to her fetus	33
6762743925	Autoimmune Disease	The immune system is active against particular molecules of the body. The immune system attacking itself	34
6762743926	Immunodeficiency Disease	A disorder in which an immune system response to antigens is defective or absent	35
6762743927	Toll-like receptor	Binds to fragments of molecules normally absent from vertebrate body but is a characteristic of pathogens	36
6762743928	Clonal selection	The proliferation of a b cell or T cell into a clone of cells occurs in response to a specific antigen and to immune cell signals Encounter with an antigen selects which lymphocyte will divide to produce a clonal population of cells for a specific epitope	37
6762743929	Primary immune response	The production of effector cells from a clone of lymphocytes during the first exposure to an antigen B and T cells give rise 2 their effector forms	38
6762743930	Secondary immune response	Faster response Adaptive immunity	39
6762743931	Antigen-presenting cell	Dendritic cell, macrophage, or B cell	40
6762743932	Immunization	Antigens into body Induces active and passive immunity artificially	41
6762743933	Monoclonal antibodies	Clone of B cells Identical and specific for the same epitope	42