AP Biology Evolution Flashcards
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| 9522918276 | Fossils | -darwin drew from these (the remains or traces of organisms from the past) | 0 | |
| 9522918277 | Strata | -new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into layers of rock called strata -strata reveal the pattern of evolution that a species may take | 1 | |
| 9522918283 | Artificial Selection | -modification of other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits | 2 | |
| 9522918284 | Darwin's 2 Inferenences | -All species and produce more offspring than their enviorment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce -This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations | 3 | |
| 9522918285 | Homology | -similarity resulting from common ancestry | 4 | |
| 9522918286 | Homologous Structures | -represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor | 5 | |
| 9522918287 | Vestigal Structures | -remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors | 6 | |
| 9522918288 | Convergent Evolution | -independent evolution of similar features in different lineages -ex: marsupials and sugar glider (same environment) -can occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection exists | 7 | |
| 9522918289 | Analogous | -species share features b/c of convergent evolution, share similar function but not common ancesty | 8 | |
| 9522918290 | Biogeography | -scientific study of the geographic distributions of species | 9 | |
| 9522918291 | Phylogeny | -evolutionary history of a species or group of species | 10 | |
| 9522918293 | Taxonomy | -study of how organisms are named and classifed | 11 | |
| 9522918294 | Order of Classification | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genius, Species | 12 | |
| 9522918295 | Sister Taxa | -groups of organism that share an immediate common ancestor | 13 | |
| 9522918297 | Analogy | -similarity due to convergent evolution | 14 | |
| 9522918298 | Clades | -each of which includes an ancestral species of all its descendants | 15 | |
| 9522918299 | Shared Ancestral Character | -character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon | 16 | |
| 9522918300 | Shared Derived Character | -evolutionary novelty unique to a clade | 17 | |
| 9522918301 | Molecular Clock | -an approach for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some gens and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates | 18 | |
| 9522918302 | Microevolution | -a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations | 19 | |
| 9522918303 | Genetic Variation | -differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences | 20 | |
| 9522918304 | Population | -group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed creating fertile offspring | 21 | |
| 9522918305 | Gene Pool | -all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population | 22 | |
| 9522918306 | Hardy-Weinberg Conditions | -no mutations -random mating -no natural selection -very large population size -no gene flow | 23 | |
| 9522918307 | Genetic Drift | -chance events can alter allele allele frequencies to fluctuate from one generation to another (especially in one generation to another) | 24 | |
| 9522918308 | Founder Effect | -when few individuals become isolated from a larger population this smaller group may make a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population | 25 | |
| 9522918309 | Bottleneck Effect | -a severe drop in population results in the over or under representation of certain alleles. | 26 | |
| 9522918310 | Gene Flow | -transfer of allele into or out of a population from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes | 27 | |
| 9522918311 | Effects of Genetic Drift | -Genetic Drift is significant in small populations -Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random -Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations -Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed | 28 | |
| 9522918312 | Adaptive Evolution | -NS increases the frequency of allele that provide an advantage and reproduce more | 29 | |
| 9522918313 | Relative Fitness | -contribution an individual makes to the gene pool relative to the contributions of indivdauls | 30 | |
| 9522918314 | Directional Selection | -conditions father shifting traits to one extreme |  | 31 |
| 9522918315 | Disruptive Selection | -conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range |  | 32 |
| 9522918316 | Stabilizing Selection | -reduces variation and gets rid of extreme phenotypes in the population |  | 33 |
| 9522918317 | Sexual Selection | -form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain maits | 34 | |
| 9522918320 | Neutral Variation | -differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage | 35 | |
| 9522918322 | Heterozygote Selection | -individuals who are heterozygotes at a particular locus have a greater fitness than both kinds of homozygotes | 36 | |
| 9522918323 | Species (according to the biological species concept) | -group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and have the potential to produce viable, fertile offspring but do not | 37 | |
| 9522918324 | Macroevolution | -broad pattern of evolution above the species level | 38 | |
| 9522918325 | Reproductive Isolation | -existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring | 39 | |
| 9522918326 | Hybrid | -offspring from an interspecific mating | 40 | |
| 9522918327 | Prezygotic Barriers | -block fertilization from occuring | 41 | |
| 9522918328 | Postzygotic Barriers | -contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed | 42 | |
| 9522918329 | Prezygotic Barrier Examples | 1. Habtitat Isolation 2. Temporal Isolation (nocturnal) 3. Behavior Isolation (courtship rituals) 4. Mechanical Isolation (snail shells) 5. Genetic Isolation (sperm can't survive in reproductive tract) HTBMG | 43 | |
| 9522918330 | Postzygotic Barrier Examples | 1. Reduced Hybrid Viability (hybrid survivabilty is reduced) 2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility (mule) 3. Hybrid Breakdown (one hybrids mate with one another offspring of the next generation are feeble/sterile) VFB | 44 | |
| 9522918331 | Allopatric Speciation + Evidence | -gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations -ex: snapping shrimp 30 species off the isthmus of panama | 45 | |
| 9522918332 | Sympatric Speciation | -speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area | 46 | |
| 9522918333 | Polyploidy | -species may originate from an accident during cell divison resulting in extra chromsomes | 47 | |
| 9522918334 | Punctuated Equilibria | -Eldrege and Gould coined this to descibed these patterns in the fossil record: perioids of apparent stastis (moment of stability) punctuated by suddenc hange | 48 | |
| 9522918335 | Radiometric Dating | -based on the decay or radioactive isotopes -radioactive "parent" isotopes decay to "daughter" isotopes at a characteristic rate called a HALF LIFE | 49 | |
| 9522918336 | Geologic Record | -a standard time scale that divides the Earth's history into four eons and further subdivisions EON: Phanerozo(Mesozoic & Jurassic), Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean |  | 50 |
| 9522918337 | Mass Extinction | -large numbers of a species become extinct world wide, caused by disruptive changes to the global enviroment | 51 | |
| 9522918338 | Adaptive Radiations | -periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles or niches in their communities | 52 | |
| 9522918339 | Hypothesis for creation of Earth's First Life | 1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, monomers 2. Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids, polymers 3. Packaging of these molecules into protobiont cells- droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemsitry different than their surrondings 4. Origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible | 53 | |
| 9522918340 | Ribozyme | -RNA can perform many enzyme like, catalytic functions | 54 | |
| 9522918341 | Endosymbiosis | A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells. | 55 |