Matter and Energy AP Bio Flashcards

5250545058	Proteins' building blocks	Amino acids	0
5250554703	Amino Acid is composed of	central carbon atom, amino group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group	1
5250563186	Amino Acids are linked by	Peptide Bonds	2
5250567281	Oligopeptides	a peptide whose molecules contain a relatively small number of amino-acid residues.	3
5250571905	Polypeptides	many peptide bonds, longer, functional protein when 1 or more polypeptides	4
5250583863	Protein functions	enzymes, defensive, hormonal, receptor, storage, structural, transport, genetic regulatory	5
5250588063	Structures of Proteins	primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary	6
5250590726	Primary	weaker forces, straight chain, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions	7
5250596676	Secondary	alpha helix or beta plated sheets, hydrogen bonds between N-H group on one amino acid and C=O group on other.	8
5250603508	Tertiary	3-dimensional shape, hydrogen bonds between R groups, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic side chains, vanderwalls, ionic interactions	9
5250610347	Quaternary	Hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonds, ionic interaction, all held hold 4 subunits together.	10
5250614172	Subunits	2 or mor polypeptide chains	11
5250621776	Glycine (special case Rs)	Fitting: single hydrogen atom so small to fit into tight corners in interior of protein molecule.	12
5250627142	Proline (special case Rs)	Stabilization: modified Amino, lacks H so covalent bond with H-carbon will make a ring structure, limiting H bonding and rotation.	13
5250633584	Cysteine	Folds: terminal -SH group, reacts with other cysteine R groups. Creates disulfide bridges.	14
5250639393	Disulfide Bridges	-SH and -SH bond which creates -S-S-	15
5250644275	Enzymes	proteins that speed up (catalyze) chemical rxns.	16
5250649186	Transition State	releases free energy (Gibss free energy)	17
5250653564	Activation energy	required to reach transition state to reach this.	18
5250655502	Non-competitive	Stimulated. Changes structure	19
5250679394	Competitive	doesn't change structure, inhibited.	20
5250687999	Lipids building blocks	triglycerides: fatty acids and glycerol	21
5250706508	Fats	solid at room temperature (20 degrees Celsius)	22
5250709059	Oils	Liquid at room temperature	23
5250712262	Fatty acids	long non polar hydrocarbon chains with polar carboxyl (-COOH)	24
5250723008	Glycerol	Small 3 -OH groups	25
5250728383	Saturated	one or more double bonds between carbons in fatty acids	26
5250730715	Unsaturated	All bonds between carbon atoms are single in fatty acids	27
5250735646	Functions Lipids	energy in C-C and C-H bonds structural roles in cells and body surface fat in animal bodies, thermal insulation	28
5250739944	Phospholipids	triglycerides, but a phosphate containing compound replaces a fatty acid chain.	29
5250749230	Head	hydrophilic part of the phospholipid, where the phosphate containing group that is negatively charged is at.	30
5250760057	Tail	Hydrophobic part of the phospholipid, the 2 fatty acid chains.	31
5250763236	Amphipathic	2 opposing forces. hydrophilic from one end, hydrophobic from the other.	32
5250774918	Phospholipid bilayer	two layers of phospholipids, with a hydrophobic, or water-hating, interior and a hydrophilic, or water-loving, exterior.	33
5250779336	Carbohydrates building blocks	monosaccharides	34
5250785890	Monosaccharides	Pentoses or Hexoses (up to 7 carbon atoms). Consists of -OH bonds and -H bonds.	35
5250796188	Glycosidic linkages	form disaccharides (2), oligosaccharides (several), and polysaccharides (many).	36
5250804984	Functions of Carbohydrates	stored energy, transport stored energy, structural molecules, signaling molecules.	37
5250813221	Starch	plants, branched polysaccharides	38
5250817519	Glycogen	Animals, highly branched	39
5250819526	Cellulose	Cell wall, linear.	40
5250821136	Condensation reactions	a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing a small molecule such as H2O as a byproduct.	41
5250827856	Nucleic Acids	informational molecules: DNA and RNA. Polymers that store, transmit and express hereditary information (genetics).	42
5250832796	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid. stores and transmits info, recipe.	43
5250836435	RNA	ribonucleic acid. info. encoded in DNA is used to specify amino acid sequences, cake.	44
5250886836	Nucleic acids building blocks	Nucleotides (monomers)	45
5250893939	Nucleotides components	nitrogen containing base, pentose sugar, 1 to 3 phosphate groups. In DNA, pentose is deoxyribose because absences of one oxygen atom.	46
5250905564	Phosphodiester bonds	Pentose sugar in LAST nucleotides of chain and Phosphate group on NEW nucleotide link through condensation rxn.	47
5250920143	Components Nitrogen containing base	Pyrimidines and Purines	48
5250921492	Pyrimidines	Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (RNA only)	49
5250922974	Purines	Adenine, Guanine	50
5251003448	Biochemical energy	chemical reaction: reactants ---> products. changes in energy	51
5251028604	Types of energy	potential energy and kinetic energy	52
5251031484	Potential Energy	energy of state or position, stored energy, can be converted to kinetic energy	53
5251034255	Kinetic Energy	energy of movement, does work and change, can convert to potential energy.	54
5251038340	Metabolism	total sum of all chemical rxns occurring in a biological system at a given time	55
5251050183	Formation of bond	release	56
5251050184	breaking bond	input	57
5251053224	Anabolic Rxns	input of energy, link simple to form more complex molecules	58
5251097295	Catabolic Rxns	Break down complex molecules into simple ones, release energy	59
5251101457	Thermodynamics Lawys	energy is neither created or destroyed useful energy tends to decrease	60
5251103561	Entropy	disorder (S)	61
5251103562	Enthalpy	total energy (H)	62
5251105673	Exothermic rxn	releases heat energy -ΔH	63
5251105674	Endothermic rxn	absorbs heat energy +ΔH	64
5251106864	Gibbs free energy change	ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.	65
5251119550	Spontaneous Rxn	exergonic rxn ΔG<0	66
5251122996	Nonspontaneous rxn	endergonic rxn ΔG>0	67
5251125581	Equilibrium Rxn	ΔG=0	68