AP Biology- Endocrine System Flashcards

9876641812	Endocrine System	Releases hormones, chemicals released by ductless glands into the blood stream that can have an effect anywhere in the body	0
9876641813	Tropic hormones	Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones	1
9876641814	Pheromones	Hormones released by one animal that affect other animals	2
9876641815	Nitric Oxide	Hormone found in vertebrates Gas released by one cell and reaches neighboring cells by diffusion	3
9876641816	Control Metamorphosis in Insects	Hormones: ecdysone, juvenile hormone, brain hormone	4
9876641817	Hypothalamus	Bridge between endocrine and nervous systems Sends electrical signals to adrenal gland to release adrenaline Releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone into posterior pituitary for storage	5
9876641818	Anterior Pituitary	Growth hormone (GH)- Bone growth Luteinizing hormone (LH)- Ovaries and testes Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- Thyroid to release thyroxin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- Adrenal cortex to release cortisol Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- gonads to produce gametes	6
9876641819	Posterior Pituitary	Stores and releases hormones (oxytocin-stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary glands during labor and ADH- stimulates the collecting tubule in nephron) from hypothalamus	7
9876641820	Thyroid Gland	Releases thyroxin- controls rate of metabolism Releases calcitonin- lowers blood calcium levels by facilitating uptake of calcium by bones	8
9876641821	Parathyroid Gland	Releases parathormone- raises blood calcium levels by removing calcium from bones Works in opposition to calcitonin	9
9876641822	Adrenal Cortex	Responds to stress by releasing corticosteroids- cortisol Raises blood sugar levels	10
9876641823	Adrenal Medulla	Releases epinephrine (adrenaline)- the "fight or flight" hormone- raises blood sugar levels by increasing breakdown of glycogen in liver	11
9876641824	Pancreas	Functions as both endocrine gland (releasing hormones) and exocrine gland (releasing digestive enzymes) Releases insulin to lower blood glucose levels Releases glucagon to raise blood glucose levels	12
9876641825	Thymus Gland	Most active in fetal and postnatal life Essential to development of a normal immune system Stimulates proliferation of T-lymphcytes	13
9876641826	Pineal Gland	In brain Secretes hormone melatonin	14
9876641827	Ovaries	Estrogen- stimulates uterine lining, promotes development and maintenance of primary and secondary sexual characteristics Progesterone- promotes growth of uterine lining	15
9876641828	Testes	Testosterone- supports sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics	16
9876641829	Positive Feedback	Mechanisms amplify an already existing response and bring a process to an end	17
9876641830	Negative Feedback	Mechanisms maintain homeostasis	18
9876641831	Signal-Transduction Pathway	1. Chemicals bind to a receptor on the surface of the plasma membrane 2. Triggers a secondary messenger (cAMP or calcium ions) 3. Converts chemical signal to a specific cellular response from the nucleus	19