AP Psych: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

5390894881	Visual Agnosia	Inability to recognize objects through sight	0
5390897655	Sensation	detection of a physical stimulus in the environment	1
5390905099	Perception	Interpretation of sensation	2
5390918076	Pyschophysics	The study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experiences	3
5390932870	Accessory structure	the part of a sense organ that is responsible for collecting and modifying energy from the environment (Ex. Lens)	4
5390939468	Sensory Receptors	specialized cells that respond to certain energy fluctuations in the environment	5
5390946317	Transduction	occurs when physical energy is converted into neural code, making it possible for the brain to interpret the energy.	6
5390953871	Thalamus	where information is analyzed and relayed to the appropriate area in the cerebral cortex	7
5390958285	Sensory Cortex	Located in the parietal lobe. Processes sensory information	8
5390965939	Absolute Threshold	smallest amount of stimulus energy necessary for sensation to take place 50% of the time. Nothing to something.	9
5390981001	Signal Detection Theory	examines factors that affect the process of sensation. Detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes. HIT AND MISS.	10
5390989275	Sensitivity	refers to the ability to detect a stimulus	11
5390991811	Response Criterion	refers to a person's willingness to respond to a stimulus	12
5390996625	Difference Threshold (JND)	Smallest detectable difference between two stimuli. Something to something	13
5391017601	Weber's Law	a difference threshold depends on the strength of the new stimulus in relation to the original stimulus	14
5391025674	Fecher's Law	continuous increases in physical energy will result in smaller increases in perceived magnitude.	15
5404279817	Sensory Adaptation	occurs as sensory receptors lose their sensitivity in response to an unchanging stimulus.	16
5404292491	Pupil	opening in the eye that allows light to enter	17
5404294479	Iris	a muscle that determines the amount of light that enters through the pupil	18
5404299153	Lens	located behind the pupil, bends the light wave, focusing on the retina	19
5404301718	Accommodation	refers to the process of how the lens focuses in and out on images	20
5404306197	Retina	light sensitive membrane located in the back of the eye where transduction occurs	21
5404311662	Photoreceptors	sensory receptors responsible for converting light energy into neural code	22
5404315768	Rods	are more active in dimly lighted conditions and respond to black, white, and shades of grey.	23
5404323174	Cones	more active in bright-light conditions and help in the detection of fine details and color	24
5404330370	Fovea	area of the retina where visual acuity is sharpest	25
5404334744	Bipolar cells	specialized neurons that connect rods and cones to ganglion cells	26
5404339734	Ganglion cells	specialized neurons that receive and process information from the receptor cells before information is sent to the brain.	27
5404347257	Optic nerve	carries visual information to the brain	28
5404355215	Optic disk	an area that contains no rods and cones	29
5404357536	Blind spot	occurs where the optic nerve leaves the retina, producing a void in the visual field	30
5404361594	Optic chiasm	refers to the point where the nerves from each visual field meet the brain and then cross to the opposite side of the brain	31
5404369206	Primary visual cortex	processes the visual information located into the occipital lobe	32
5404373924	Feature detectors	are neurons in the primary visual cortex, specialized to respond to different aspects of an image such as size, shape, and angle	33
5404383632	Parallel processing	refers to how the brain processes multiple sources of information simultaneously	34
5404388718	Hue	refers to the color that people psychologically experience	35
5404392196	Saturation	refers to the purity of the color	36
5404393631	Brightness	refers to the intensity of the light wave, which is determined by the amplitude, or height, of a wave	37
5404400857	Subtraction color mixing	works by removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there	38
5404405180	Additive color mixing	involves adding more light wavelengths	39
5404409877	Trichromatic theory of color vision	there are 3 types of cones, each sensitive to a specific wavelength: red sensitive cone, green sensitive cone, and blue sensitive cone.	40
5404417869	Color blindness	can be explained by trichromatic theory of color vision. Cannot determine between red and green colors	41
5404429451	Opponent process theory of color vision	color sensitive components of the eye are grouped into three pairs. red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white	42
5404437551	Afterimage	when an image is perceived even though the stimulus has been removed	43
5404440815	Pitch	property of a sound wave. high or lowness of a sound	44
5404443288	Frequency	number of complete waves that pass through a medium every second	45
5404446625	Hertz	measurement of frequency	46
5404454961	Timbre	refers to the purity of the sound wave	47
5404457895	Outer ear	collects and channels sound waves	48
5404459081	Pinna	visible outer part of the ear, locates the sound wave	49
5404461095	Auditory canal	channels the sound wave to the eardrum and produces wax to keep particles in the environment out of the ear	50
5404464623	Eardrum	a membrane that vibrates in response to incoming sound waves (eardrum vibrations match frequency of sound wave)	51
5404468925	Middle ear	Amplifies sound onto the oval window, which separates the middle ear from the inner ear	52
5404477883	3 tiny bones in middle ear	hammer(malleus), anvil(incus), stirrup(stapes)	53
5404486247	Inner ear	auditory nerve-thalamus-temporal lobe-auditory cortex	54
5404497387	Cochela	fluid filled tube, resembles a snail	55
5404499679	Basilar membrane	lines the cochlea and contains hair cells(cilia), the sensory receptors for audition	56
5404519442	Frequency matching theory	pitch is perceived through the vibrations of the basilar membrane, which are determined by the frequency of sound.	57
5404526778	Volley principle	when neurons fire as a group in rapid succession they produces a volley of impulses	58
5404530682	Place theory	pitch depends on where vibrations stimulate the basilar membrane	59
5404534475	Conduction hearing loss	occurs when either the eardrum is punctured or there is damage to any of the three tiny bones located in the middle ear	60
5404540815	Sensorineural hearing loss	occurs when there is damage to the hair cells located in the inner ear or auditory nerve	61
5404546512	Olfactory receptor cells	responsible for the detection of air molecules	62
5404549761	Olfactory nerves	carry information to the olfactory bulb	63
5404551215	Olfactory bulb	located at the end of the olfactory cortex, is responsible for processing the sensation of smell	64
5404555248	Taste buds	are sensory receptors that are activated when substances enter the mouth	65
5404573729	Sensory interaction	occurs when one sense influences another	66
5404575088	Ansomia	occurs when a person is unable to distinguish between different smells	67
5404577389	Synesthesia	"feel a color" or "tasting a geometric shape"	68
5404611454	Pacinian corpuscles	located beneath the skin, detect touch and pressure	69
5404614366	Gate control theory	suggest that pain is determined by the opening and closing of the neurological gates in the spinal cord	70
5404619102	Substance P	neurotransmitter that activates other neurons to open the "gate" resulting in the perception of pain	71
5404622849	Kinesthetic sense	monitors and coordinates movement among body parts through information sent from sensory neurons called proprioceptors	72
5404629207	Proprioceptors	located in joints, muscles, and the inner ear and communicate information to the brain concerning tension and movement in the body	73
5404633706	Vestibular sense	monitors balance in response to movement detected by the proprioceptors. Provided information for vestibular sacs in the inner ear.	74
5404638718	Bottom-up processing	organization of information, without the use of prior knowledge, beginning with individual elements that are structured together to form a whole.	75
5404647148	Top-down processing	organization of information that uses prior knowledge to form a whole	76
5404651169	Figure ground	the ability to distinguish between the figure as the foreground and the ground as the background	77
5404655496	Proximity	items close together belong together	78
5404661016	Similarity	tendency to group similar objects together to make one whole	79
5404664919	Continuity	tendency to see an object as continuing despite an obvious break	80
5404670759	Closure	tendency to fill in the missing object and see it as a whole	81
5404673476	Common fate	tendency to see objects that move in the same direction as together	82
5404680765	Monocular cues	information perceived from one eye that plays a crucial role in the ability to detect depth perception	83
5404689694	Binocular cues	images that are perceived by both eyes and allow for accurate detection of depth perception	84
5404692953	Binocular disparity	information that is processed by each eye and fused to form one image	85
5404695909	Convergence	turning inward of each eye to focus on an up close object	86
5404698391	Shape constancy	shape of an object remains the same despite a change in the angle from which it is viewed	87
5404702526	Color constancy	object remains the same despite a change in lighting	88
5404706872	Brightness constancy	brightness of an object remains the same despite a change in the brightness of the backgroud	89
5404711615	Size constancy	size of an object remains the same despite the fact that size changes based on distance	90
5404716978	Stroboscopic motion	perception of movement due to the rapid presentation of changing stationary images	91
5404718778	Inattentional blindness	inability to see objects due to distraction	92
5404730500	Multitasking	ability to focus your attention on two distinctly different tasks	93
5404732294	Selective attention	ability to focus on one task while simultaneously focusing on another	94
5404742102	Threshold	dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a detectable effect	95
5404749007	Detectability	measured in terms of probability and depends on decision making processes as well as sensory processes	96
5404754577	Subliminal perception	registration of sensory input without conscious awareness	97
5404760792	Nearsightedness	close objects are seen clearly but distant objects are blurry. Eyeball is too long.	98
5404765571	Farsightedness	distant objects are seen clearly but close objects appear blurry. Eyeball is too short.	99
5404774918	Receptive field	The retina is part of your ____	100
5404777942	Dark adaptation	the process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination	101
5404780810	Light adaptaiton	the process where the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination	102
5404786423	Ventral stream	processes the details of form, shape, color. The "WHAT"	103
5404789391	Dorsal stream	process the details of depth, motion. The "WHERE"	104
5404801968	Prosopagnosia	inability to recognize familiar faces	105
5404812300	Dicromats	only have two types of color receptors	106
5404821057	Reversible figure	a drawing that is compatible with tow interpretations that can shift back and forth	107
5404823630	Perceptual sets	readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way (creates bias)	108
5404838224	Feature analysis	the process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into more complex form	109
5404883764	Subjective contours	involves the perception of contours where none actually exist	110
5404885300	Phi Phenomenon	illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succssion	111
5404890185	Depth perception	involves interpretation of visual cues that indicate now near/far away objects are	112
5404895063	Retinal dispolarity	both eyes view something differently within 25 feet	113
5404896798	Pictoral cues	clues about distance that can be given in a flat picture	114
5404932494	Visual illusion	involves an apparently inexplicable discrepancy between the appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality	115
5404957722	Impossible figures	objects that can be represented in two dimensional pictures but cannot exist in 3D space	116
5410204560	Loudness	height of a sound wave determines the	117
5410209538	Hair cells; rods and cones	_ are the receptor cells for audition and _ are the receptor cells for vision	118
5410230574	Autokinetic effect	The tendency to perceive a stationary point of light in a dark room as moving	119