AP Biology Evolution Flashcards

8962026350	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
8962026351	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
8962026352	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
8962026353	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
8962026354	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
8962026355	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
8962026356	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
8962026357	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
8962026358	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
8962026359	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
8962026360	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
8962026361	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
8962026362	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
8962026363	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
8962026364	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
8962026365	sexual dimorphism	marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)	15
8962026366	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	16
8962026367	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	17
8962026368	microevolution	changes over time in allele frequencies in a population	18
8962026369	macroevolution	the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans	19
8962026370	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	20
8962026371	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	21
8962026372	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	22
8962026373	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	23
8962026374	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	24
8962026375	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	25
8962026376	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	26
8962026377	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	27
8962026378	protobionts	collections of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structure with simple chemical reactions (precursor of prokaryotic cells)	28
8962026379	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	29
8962026380	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	30
8962026381	analogy	similarity due to convergent evolution	31
8962026382	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	32
8962026383	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	33
8962026384	abiotic synthesis	formation of organic molecules from inorganic material	34
8962026385	last universal common ancestor (LUCA)	a common ancestor to all organisms that live and had lived on Earth	35
8962026386	extinction	total disappearance of all members of a species	36
8962026387	mass extinction	total disappearance of a large number a species within a few million years	37
8962026388	extant	still in existance	38
8962026389	fitness	ability to produce surviving offspring	39
8962026390	morphological species concept	new species differ by physical characteristics known as diagnostic traits	40
8962026391	evolutionary species concept	members of a species share distinct evolutionary pathway and common traits	41
8962026392	phylogenetic species concept	a family tree is used to identify species based on a common ancestor	42
8962026393	biological species concept	species are identified as separate because of reproductive isolation.	43
8962026394	fossil	remains and traces of evidence of past life	44