AP Psychology - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

6251356967	Emotion	a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.	0
6251356968	Cannon-Bard Theory	the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.	1
6251356970	Polygraph	a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).	2
6251356971	Facial Feedback	the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.	3
6251356972	Catharsis	an emotional release. The hypothesis for this maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.	4
6251356973	Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon	people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.	5
6251356974	Well-Being	self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with objective measures (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.	6
6251356975	Adaptation-Level Phenomenon	our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.	7
6251356976	Relative Deprivation	the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.	8
6251356977	Behavioral Medicine	an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease.	9
6251356978	Health Psychology	a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.	10
6251356979	Stress	the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.	11
6251356980	General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)	Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.	12
6251356981	Coronary Heart Disease	the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.	13
6251356982	Type A	Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.	14
6251356983	Type B	Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people.	15
6251356984	Psychophysiological Illness	literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.	16
6251356985	Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)	the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.	17
6251356986	Lymphocytes	the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system. The B type of this form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; The T type of this form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.	18
6251356987	Motivation	a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior	19
6251356988	Instinct	a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned	20
6251356989	Drive-Reduction Theory	the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need	21
6251356990	Homeostasis	a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level	22
6251356991	Incentive	a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior	23
6251356993	Glucose	the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger	24
6251356994	Set Point	the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight	25
6251356995	Basal Metabolic Rate	the body's resting rate of energy expenditure	26
6251356996	Anorexia Nervosa	an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve	27
6251356997	Bulimia Nervosa	an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise	28
6251356998	Binge-Eating Disorder	significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa	29
6251356999	Sexual Response Cycle	the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution	30
6251357000	Refractory Period	a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm	31
6251357001	Estrogens	sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity	32
6251357002	Testosterone	the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty	33
6251357003	Sexual Orientation	an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)	34
6251357004	Motivation	A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior	35
6251357005	Emotion	our feelings - composed of a four part process physiological arousal, subjective feelings, cognitive interpretation/appraisal, and behavioral expression	36
6251357006	Drive	an internal aroused condition that directs an organism to satisfy a physiological need	37
6251357007	Instinct Theory	supported by evolutionary psychology, posits that the learning of species-specific behavior motivates organisms to do what is necessary to ensure their survival	38
6251357008	Fixed Action Pattern	genetically programmed, virtually unchangeable behavioral sequence performed in response to a certain stimulus	39
6251357009	Ethologists	study animal behavior in the natural setting aka Konrad Lorenz - imprinting	40
6251357010	Drive Theory of Motivation	deviations from homeostasis create unmet physiological needs that result in tension that directs behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis	41
6251357012	Arousal Theory of Motivation	people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal	42
6251357013	Yerkes - Dodson Law of Arousal	The Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests that there is a relationship between performance and arousal. Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes.	43
6251357014	External Locus of Control	the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate	44
6251357015	Internal Locus of Control	people with this tned to respond to internal states and desires; they tend to see their successes as the result of their own efforts	45
6251357016	Freud's Theory of Motivation	Eros and Thanatos and underlying subconscious forces impact on motivation	46
6251357017	Abraham Maslow's Theory of Motivation	a listing of needs organized by priority - aka Hierarchy of Needs	47
6251357018	Hierarchy of Needs	Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active	48
6251357019	Over justification	the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors	49
6251357020	Multiple Systems Approach of Hunger	Hunger motivation is far more complex than just biology - you must incorporate emotional, cognitive and social reasons people eat as well	50
6251357021	Set Point Theory	belief that brain mechanisms regulate body weight around a genetically predetermined 'set point'	51
6251357022	Lateral Hypothalamus	The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals - Let's Eat	52
6251357023	Ventromedial Hypothalamus	The part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating. Produces satiety	53
6251357024	Satiety	Condition of being too full or too satisfied	54
6251357025	Orexin	Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus	55
6251357026	Ghrelin	hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain	56
6251357027	Glucose	A sugar that is the major source of energy for the body's cells	57
6251357028	Insulin	Hormone released by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar	58
6251357029	PYY	digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain	59
6251357030	Leptin	A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.	60
6251357031	Lipids	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats & oils.	61
6251357032	CKK	Produced in the digestive tract to increase satiety	62
6251357033	Sexual Motivation	caused by both influential hormones as well as environmental factors, and highly variable across cultures and individuals	63
6251357034	Masters and Johnson	became the most famous sex researchers since Alfred Kinsley by studying couples to understand the sexual response cycle in the 1960s	64
6251357035	Sexual Response Cycle	the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution	65
6251357036	Sexual Cues	responding to sex and the idea of sex	66
6251357037	Sexual Scripts	stereotyped patterns of expectancies for how people should behave sexually	67
6251357038	Paraphilia	a sexual disorder in which the person's preferred method of sexual arousal and fulfillment is through sexual behavior that is unusual or socially unacceptable	68
6251357039	Sexual Fetishes	Getting sexual gratification from certain objects, events or locations. Ex: You like leather-clad lovers, or bondage or socks. This is classified as a sub-type of sexual preference.	69
6251357041	Stress	Any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one's well-being and that thereby tax one's coping abilities.	70
6251357042	Eustress	A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal	71
6251357043	Distress	A negative stress that can make a person sick or can keep a person from reaching a goal.	72
6251357044	Stressors	specific events (acute) or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being	73
6251357045	Traumatic Stressors	situation that threatens one's physical safety, arousing feelings of fear, horror, or helplessness	74
6251357046	Learned Helplessness	The behavior of giving up or not responding to punishment, exhibited by people or animals exposed to negative consequences or punishment over which they have no control	75
6251357047	Martin Seligman	Conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of "learned helplessness"	76
6251357048	Post Traumatic Stress	an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience	77
6251357049	Physical Stress Response	Arousal - Fight/Flight or Freeze, ANS plus Endocrine System and a decrease in the effectiveness of the immune system	78
6251357050	Fight or Flight Response	A series of physical changes that prepare the body to react to stress	79
6251357051	Acute Stress	A state of stress experienced in response to an immediate (short term) perceived threat, real or imagined	80
6251357052	Chronic Stress	Stress associated with long-term problems that are beyond a person's control.	81
6251357053	Adrenal Glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.	82
6251357054	Hans Selye	(1907-1982) Psychologist who researched a recurring response to stress that he called the general adaptation syndrome	83
6251357055	General Adaption Syndrome	A sequence of physical responses to any stressor. Alarm, Resistance and Exhaustion	84
6251357056	Alarm (STAGE 1 -Selye's GAS Model)	First Stage of GAS - Body mobilizes resources to adapt to a stressor - ANS- Fight or Flight	85
6251357057	Resistance (STAGE 2- Selye's GAS Model)	Stage of Resistance - body begins to adapt and even rebound as long as the stressor is resisted and/or no other stressors are introduced - uses body energy and will eventually run you down unless the stressors are removed	86
6251357058	Exhaustion (STAGE 3- Selye's GAS Model)	Body begins to deplete its resources in response to an ongoing stressor	87
6251357059	Tend and Befriend	under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others	88
6251357060	Psychoneuroimmunology	A relatively new field of study, examines the effect of psychosocial stressors on the body's immune system.	89
6251357061	Cytokines	Hormone like proteins facilitating communication between the brain and the immune system negative and positive	90
6251357062	Natural Immunity	immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup	91
6251357063	Friedmann and Rosenman	Cardiologists who based on their understanding of heart disease wanted to see if there was a relationship between stress and heart disease. Sampled men aged between 39-59, all of which were healthy assessing the relationship between health and personality Type. Participants were then classed as either Type A or B.	92
6251357064	Type A Personality	Personality characterized by (1) a strong competitive orientation, (2) impatience and time urgency, and (3) anger and hostility.	93
6251357065	Type B Personality	Personality characterized by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior.	94
6251357066	Type AB Personality	Mixture of Type A and Type B Personalities.	95
6251357067	Type C Personality	Person who is pleasant, but repressed, tends to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult.	96
6251357068	Resilience	the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats	97
6251357069	Empathy	The ability to imagine and understand how someone else feels	98
6251357070	James- Lange Theory of Emotion	This theory states that you first get a physical reaction and then from that you know your emotion.	99
6251357071	Spill over Effect	our physical state spills over to our emotional state	100
6251357072	Facial Feedback Theory	The Facial Feedback Theory holds that facial movement and expressions can influence attitude and emotional experience. For instance, when a person attends a function and is required to smile for the duration of the function, they will actually have a better experience of the function. SMILE	101
6251357073	Amygdala	Part of the limbic system, responsible for the emotional reactions of fear and anger.	102
6251357074	Thalamus	Brain structure that receives messages from the sense organs and relays the information to the proper region of the cerebrum for further processing	103
6251357075	Reticular Formation	A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.	104
6251357076	Cerebral Cortex	The part of the brain where information processing takes place. Divided into four lobes.	105
6251357077	Serotonin	Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal	106
6251357078	Dopamine	Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion	107
6251357079	Epinephrine and Norepinephrine	Key hormones of the sympathetic nervous system	108