AP HUG AP Test Flashcards

9864621346	Waldo R. Tobler	first law of geography	0
9864630352	first law of geography	an informal statement that "All things are related, but near things are more related than far things"	1
9864639168	Ellsworth Huntington	environmental determinism	2
9864648939	environmental determinism	climate and terrain were a major determinant of civilization, lead to greater human efficiency and better standards of living	3
9864661304	vidal de la blache	possibilism	4
9864782533	possibilism	humans have a wide range of potential actions within an environment, respond based on their value systems, attitudes and culture attributes	5
9864800878	jared diamond	geographic luck; guns, germs and steel	6
9864815941	carl sauer	cultural geography; fierce critic of environmental determinism, ideas supported cultural ecology. uses transportation advances as key to development of urban areas	7
9864878759	alfred wegener	continental drift	8
9864882330	donald janelle	time space convergence	9
9879917794	time space convergence	process made possible by technological innovations in transportation and communication, by which distant places are brought closer together in terms of the time taken to travel (or sen messages) between them	10
9880018689	donald meining	core, domai, sphere	11
9880022301	core	clear distinctive attributes (of/defining the region)	12
9880031918	domain	dominant but not exclusive attributes (of/defining the region)	13
9880046812	sphere	attributes (of/defining the region) are present but not dominant	14
9880065208	david harvey	space-time compression	15
9880079178	space-time compression	more efficient production has opened new markets and brought places closer	16
9880101022	warren thompson	demographic transition model	17
9880112591	stage 1	BR - DR are high	18
9880115498	stage 2	BR high - DR drops	19
9880118740	stage 3	BR drops	20
9880130259	stage 4	BR - DR are low	21
9880130260	stage 5	narrowing base	22
9880136522	Thomas Malthus	malthusian theory/ net-malthusians	23
9880144232	malthusian theory	population growth relating to food supply	24
9880172112	Esther boserup	Qaya's Theory	25
9880213975	Qaya's theory	population change drives the intensity of agricultural production. Her position countered the Malthusian theory that agricultural methods determine population via limits on food supply.	26
9880238404	John Snow	mapped cholera deaths and location of water	27
9880247711	outbreak	spread of disease in a short time in a limited area	28
9880251318	epidemic	spread over a larger region like a city, country	29
9880256099	pandemic	spread rapidly around entire world	30
9880265841	Ruth Leger Sivard	women/men gap widens with economic progress, Men are first to try unhealthy habits of progress, women will catch up and lower their life expectancy	31
9880284527	Ernst Ravenstein	Laws of Migration	32
9895159280	laws of migration	net migration amounts to a fraction of the gross migration, majority move short distance, longer distances=big cities, urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas, families less likely to move internationally	33
9895189362	henry carey	gravity model	34
9895236630	gravity model	spatial interaction between places is directly related to population size and inversely related to distance, larger cities have greater draw power	35
9895246211	distance decay	effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions	36
9895285658	Torsten Hagerstrand	Space Time Prism	37
9895302433	space time prism	possible places a person could travel in certain time period	38
9895305038	everett lee	incentives and barriers of migration	39
9895311256	push and pull	incentives to migrate	40
9895318635	barriers of migration	physical, economic, cultural, political	41
9895321336	carl sauer	cultural landscape	42
9895329611	cultural landscape	human activity superimposes itself on physical landscape, each cultural group leaves imprints	43
9895377427	joel garreau	nine nations of north america	44
9895382633	nine nations of north america	distinctive economic and cultural features	45
9895411717	Roger	model for adoption and diffusion of innovations	46
9895467551	clifford geetz	interpretation of culture	47
9895470575	interpretation of culture	culture is learned, how culture creates different patterns and landscapes	48
9895482569	M. J. Herskovits	cultural relativism	49
9895490279	cultural relativism	principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own culture	50
9895519160	E. damson hoebel	culture is learned behavior	51
9895535141	aharon Dogopolsky	nostratic language	52
9895539095	nostratic language	family is proto,where modern day Russian comes from	53
9895548390	william jones	backward re-construction of language	54
9895557216	backward re-construction of language	studying an extinct language using a modern day language	55
9908951199	marija Gimbutas	kurgan hypothesis	56
9908964303	kurgan hypothesis	states the photo-indo-european language diffused from modern day Ukraine through conquest	57
9909007926	colin renfrew	anatolian hypothesis	58
9909011434	anatolian hypothesis	states the p-i-e language spread through innovation of agriculture rather than peacefully with anatolia as the hearth	59
9909069221	territorial morphology	state's physical shape	60
9909071511	compact state	distance from geographic center of area to any point on the boundary does not vary greatly	61
9909083623	elongated state	state that is geographically long and narrow	62
9909087124	enclave	a state that is totally surrounded by another state	63
9909099124	exclave	small portion of land that is separated by land from the main state	64
9909114774	fragmented state	a state that is split into many pieces, separated by land or water	65
9909124814	perforated state	state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state	66
9909132244	prorupt (protruded) state	state having portion of territory that is an elongated extension leading away from the main body of the state	67
9909147066	richard hartshorne	evolution of boundaries	68
9909149303	types of boundaries	antecedent, superimposed, subsequent, relict	69
9909172180	alfred mahan	sea power theory	70
9909174728	sea power theory	influence and importance of sea power, lead to global military domination	71
9909181828	friedrich Ratzel	organic theory of nations	72
9909186212	organic theory of nations	nations act like living organisms, must grow and will eventually decline	73
9909196133	halford mackinder	heartland theory	74
9909196134	heartland theory	explains why NATO and WARSAW pact existed control of eastern europe	75
9909203069	nicolas spykman	rimland theory	76
9920305569	rimsland theory	western eruope, middle east and asia, who controls this rules erasia, and then the world	77
9920319080	J. H. von Thünen	agricultural theory (concentric zones)	78
9920324878	isolated state	location as primarily a factor of transportation cost and profit maximization by farmers through his model	79
9920340925	norman borlaug	green revolution	80
9920340927	green revolution	varieties of high-yielding seeds combined with modern agricultural production techniques	81
9920348021	judith carney	studied changing agriculture practices in gambia, agriculture changed so did the culture (especially women's roles)	82
9920353908	walter christaller	central place theory, spatial distribution of hamlets, villages, towns, and cities	83
9920361944	central place theory	explain spatial distribution of human settlements, urban hierarchy, range, threshold, low order good, high order good	84
9920374001	range	average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services	85
9920378769	threshold	minimum market needed to bring a firm or city selling goods and services into existence and to keep it in business	86
9920383337	alfred weber	least cost theory	87
9920398892	least cost theory	owners of manufacturing plants seek to minimize three costs: transportation, labor, and agglomeration	88
9920408074	weight-losing case	firms locate closer to the raw material to reduce costs	89
9920410698	weight-gaining case	firms locate closer to the market	90
9920414213	august losch	agglomeration/spatial influence, zone of profitability	91
9920420213	agglomeration/spatial influence	manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit	92
9920428546	perroux and boudeville	growth poles	93
9920428547	growth poles	districts that are expanding faster than surrounding areas	94
9920433334	clark	industrial sectors	95
9920438606	industrial sector- primary	extractive	96
9920440888	industrial sector-secondary	factories and industry	97
9920442685	industrial sector-tertiary	services	98
9920444033	industrial sector-quaternary	an activity that engages in the collection, processing, and manipulation of information	99
9920446851	industrial sector-quinary	an activity that involves a managerial or control-funtiction associated with decision-making in large corporations or high gov't officials	100
9920455631	harold hotelling	locational interdependence	101
9920460569	locational interdependence	location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind	102
9920464814	immanuel wallerstien	world systems theory	103
9920468589	world systems theory	proposed a three-tier structure to a one world economic and political structure	104
9920474958	world systems theory- core	dominates other countries	105
9920476937	world systems theory- semi-periphery	as the countries which are dominated while at the same time dominating others	106
9920481409	world systems theory- periphery	dominated since they are often dependent on the more powerful countries	107
9920484993	walter rostow	modernization model	108
9920489565	modernization model	liberal model that postulates that ecumenic modernization occurs in five basic stages: 1. traditional society 2. precondition for takeoff 3. takeoff 4. drive to maturity 5. age of mass consumption based on UK	109
9920500444	benjamin friedman	stages of economic growth	110
9920507465	stages of economic growth	transitional, industrial, post-industrial.... end result an interdependent system with no periphery	111
9920514195	gunnar myrdal	cumulative causation	112
9920519639	cumulative causation	economic forces increase regional inequalities 1. traditional (preindustrial) 2. increased disparities caused by multiplier and backwash effects 3. reduced inequality due to spread effects	113
9920532388	willy brandt	brandt report	114
9920542371	north-south dived	socio-economic and political division that exists between the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as the "north" and the poorer developing countries or the "south"	115
9920562482	roster's 5 stages	progressive stages of economic growth and structural change, trickle down economies	116
9920570080	structuralist model (neocolonialism)	human welfare, core-periphery model	117
9920573206	intentional trade	free market and transition economies	118
9920582162	gideon sjoberg	cities are products of their societies, 4 stages	119
9920587560	william alonso	bid rent theory	120
9920589811	bid rent theory	explains how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases CBD, high-volume retail, factories, warehouses, residential	121
9920602445	ernest burgess	concentric zone model	122
9920614862	concentric zone model	structural model of the american central city based on chicago in the 1920s. zones: 1.CBD 2. transition zone of mixed residential, factory and commercial use 3. low class (inner city) 4. better quality middle-class 5.upper class	123
9920632817	homer hoyt	sector model	124
9920636159	sector mdoel	wedge shaped sectors, not rings, emanate from CBD along major transportation routes	125
9920641745	transportation routes important	factores/industry zone radiate out form the CBD, following line of main road/railway	126
9920648407	chancy harris	multiple nuclei model	127
9920654458	multiple nuclei model	based on ideas the people have greater movement due to increase car ownership, increase of movement reduced the primacy of the CBD and allowed for the specialization of regional centers, modern cities develop with many nodes (cities within cities)	128
9920664318	james vance	urban realms model of a city	129
9920667984	urban realms model of a city	parts of giant conurbations; self-sufficient suburban sectors	130
9920671504	garreau	edge cities	131
9920673051	edge city rules	1. more than 5 M square feet of office space 2. ober 600,000 square feet of retail space 3. more jobs than homes 4. known as single end destination (has it all) 5. area must not have been like a "city" 30 years ago	132
9944907653	C. D. Harris	peripheral model- edge city	133
9944921558	peripheral model- edge city	similar to edge cities/urban realms, connected by transportation route	134
9944927142	griffin-ford	model of latin american city	135
9944934085	model of latin american city	upper class/commercial spine market in the center of town with a mall, squatter settlements on periphery	136
9944945037	T. G. mcgee	generalized model of land use areas in the large southeast asian city	137
9944958503	southeast asian cities-land use	old colonial port cities surrounded by a new commercial district with no formal CBD	138
9944963444	peter mann	UK city model	139
9945024132	Haram DeBlij	model of subsaharan african city	140
9945031949	edward ullman	ullman's conceptual frame	141
9945040441	ullman's conceputal fram	proposed that trade was an interaction based on 3 phenomena: complementarity, intervening opportunities, and transferability of commodities	142
9945051948	mark jefferson	law of primate city	143
9945055968	law of primate city	every country has a primate city	144
9945064613	primate city	a city that dominated in economics, social factors, and politics	145
9945072523	rank size rule	2nd largest city is 1/2 size of primate city, 3rd largest city is 1/3 size of primate city and so on.	146