Myers for AP Psychology Unit 7B: THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

5184792092	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
5184792093	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
5184792094	Prototype	a standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!)	2
5184792095	algorithm	a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem	3
5184792096	Heuristic	a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem	4
5184792097	Insight	A cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution	5
5184792098	Creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	6
5184792099	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	7
5184792100	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	8
5184792101	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
5184792102	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?)	10
5184792103	Representative heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information	11
5184792104	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	12
5184792105	Overconfidence	total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant	13
5184792106	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	14
5184792107	Intuition	instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)	15
5184792108	Framing	formulation of the plans and important details	16
5184792109	Language	the mental faculty or power of vocal communication	17
5184792110	Phoneme	(linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language	18
5184792111	Morpheme	minimal meaningful language unit	19
5184792112	Grammar	studies of the formation of basic linguistic units	20
5184792113	Semantics	the study of language meaning	21
5184792114	Syntax	the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences	22
5184792115	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.	23
5184792116	One-word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	24
5184792117	Two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	25
5184792118	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	26
5184792119	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	27
5184792120	Noam Chomsky	United States linguist whose theory of generative grammar redefined the field of linguistics (born 1928)	28
5184792121	B.F Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments	29
5184792122	Benjamin Whorf	Concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought	30