Myers for AP Psychology Unit 7B: THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

7192005727	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
7192005728	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
7192005729	Prototype	a standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!)	2
7192005730	algorithm	a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem	3
7192005731	Heuristic	a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem	4
7192005732	Insight	A cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution	5
7192005733	Creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	6
7192005734	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	7
7192005735	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	8
7192005736	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
7192005737	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?)	10
7192005738	Representative heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information	11
7192005739	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	12
7192005740	Overconfidence	total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant	13
7192005741	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	14
7192005742	Intuition	instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)	15
7192005743	Framing	formulation of the plans and important details	16
7192005744	Language	the mental faculty or power of vocal communication	17
7192005745	Phoneme	(linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language	18
7192005746	Morpheme	minimal meaningful language unit	19
7192005747	Grammar	studies of the formation of basic linguistic units	20
7192005748	Semantics	the study of language meaning	21
7192005749	Syntax	the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences	22
7192005750	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.	23
7192005751	One-word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	24
7192005752	Two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	25
7192005753	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	26
7192005754	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	27
7192005755	Noam Chomsky	United States linguist whose theory of generative grammar redefined the field of linguistics (born 1928)	28
7192005756	B.F Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments	29
7192005757	Benjamin Whorf	Concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought	30