AP Language and Composition: Language Terms Flashcards

8847851125	Ad Hominem Argument	A fallacy of argument in which a writer's claim is answered by irrelevant attacks on his or her character	0
8847854333	Anaphora	A type of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence/clause/phrase is repeated at or very near the beginning of successive phrases/clauses	1
8847863350	Analogy	An extended comparison between something unfamiliar and something more familiar for the purpose of illuminating or dramatizing the unfamiliar	2
8847867056	Anecdote	A brief story used to make a point	3
8847868989	Antecedent	A noun, often a proper noun, that is replaced by a pronoun	4
8847871429	Antithesis	The opposition or contrast of ideas	5
8847875590	Aphorism	A short saying expressing a general truth	6
8847876978	Apostrophe	A digression in the form of an address to someone not present, or to a personified object or idea	7
8847881205	Appeals	Ideas that attract different ideas/types of people	8
8847885324	Argument	The use of evidence and reason to discover some version of the truth	9
8847887946	Audience	The people to whom a written or spoken work is directed	10
8847891339	Bandwagon Appeal	A fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it	11
8847895840	Begging the Question	A fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute	12
8847899186	Characterization	To attribute or mark with a certain characteristic; to describe or portray the character of a person or idea in a certain light	13
8847906666	Claim	A controversial statement that asserts a belief or truth that requires evidence	14
8847910215	Cliche	A familiar word/phrase which has been used so much that it is no longer a good or effective way of saying something	15
8847914160	Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech that gives the work a conversational and familiar tone	16
8847924753	Connotation	The suggestions or associations that surround most words and extend beyond their literal meaning, creating effects of association	17
8847929115	Context	The entire situation in which a piece of writing takes place, including the writer's purpose for writing, intended audience, time, place, and influence	18
8847934132	Counterargument	An opposing argument	19
8847935382	Deductive Reasoning	A process of thought in which general principles are applied to particular cases	20
8847938516	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color	21
8847942050	Diction	The author's word choice	22
8847943911	Dogmatism	A fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community	23
8847947865	Either-or-Choice	A fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other	24
8847954137	Empirical	Evidence or data information acquired by observation or experimentation	25
8847972898	Equivocation	A fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language	26
8847976924	Et Al	(Abbreviation for et alii). For a source with three or more authors list only the first author's last name, and replace the additional names with et al	27
8847984514	Ethos Appeals	An attempt by the writer or speaker to prove themselves a credible authority on the subject to the reader or listener in order to convince an audience to accept a claim	28
8847989470	Euphemism	The substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt	29
8847996621	Exhortation	Language intended to incite and encourage. To try to influence someone by words of advice; to strongly urge someone to do something	30
8848000902	Exigence	The issue or situation that leads to the need for a rhetorical speech or writing	31
8848003703	Expose	A report of the facts about something, especially a journalistic report that reveals something scandalous	32
8848007656	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work	33
8848012290	Fallacy of Argument	A flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect	34
8848015563	Faulty Analogy	A fallacy of argument in which a comparison between two objects or concepts is inaccurate	35
8848023240	Faulty Causality	A fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the other	36
8848027122	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	37
8848030336	Hasty Generalization	A fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data	38
8848032554	Hyperbole	Use of overstatement/exaggeration for effect on the listener or reader	39
8848035154	Imagery	Descriptive writing appealing to one of the five senses	40
8848036729	Inductive Reasoning	A process of thought in which particular cases lead to general principles	41
8848044049	Inference/Infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented	42
8848048109	Invective	Speech that may be directed toward an individual/cause/idea/system that attacks or denounces it	43
8848050961	Inversion	A reversal in order or form in sentence structure	44
8848053094	Irony	Use of language that suggests a meaning opposite of the literal meaning of the words	45
8848055321	Jargon	1). Language (vocabulary) specific to a particular trade/profession/group 2). Language characterized by uncommon or pretentious vocabulary, often vague in meaning	46
8848062769	Juxtaposition	To place close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast	47
8848065606	Logos Appeals	A strategy in which a writer uses facts/evidence/reason to make audience members accept a claim	48
8848069305	Metaphor	A figure of speech that makes a comparison without using like or as	49
8848070967	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone and events can affect the mood	50
8848074848	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of evenets	51
8848076755	Non Sequitur	A fallacy of argument in which claims/reasons/or warrants fail to connect logically	52
8848080125	Objective	Not influenced by personal feelings or prejudice, based on own facts, unbiased	53
8848082471	Oxymoron	A paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words	54
8848085348	Parallelism	Figure of balance identified by a similarity in the syntactical structure of a set of words in successive phrases/clauses/sentences/successive words/phrases/ clauses w/ the same or very similar grammatical structure.	55
8848094843	Pathos Appeals	Strategy in which a writer tries to generate specific emotions in an audience to influence it to accept a claim	56
8848100032	Personal Essay	A subcategory of the essay, characterized by intimacy, humor, graceful style, rambling structure, unconventionality or novelty of theme and incomplete treatment of topic	57
8848107387	Personification	A form of figurative language in which an idea or object is given human characteristics	58
8848109824	Premise	A statement or position regarded as true and upon which other claims are based	59
8848111651	Propaganda	An argument advancing a point of view without regard to reason, fairness, or truth	60
8848119869	Author's Purpose	The goal of an argument	61
8848123287	Qualitative Argument	An argument of evaluation that relies on non numeric criteria supported by reason/tradition/precedent/logic	62
8848128155	Quantitative Argument	An argument of evaluation that relies on criteria that can be measured, counted, or demonstrated objectively	63
8848133563	Rebuttal	An answer that challenges or refutes a specific claim or charge	64
8848135976	Red Herring	A fallacy of argument in which a writer abruptly changes the topic in order to distract readers from potentially objectionable claims	65
8848142100	Repetition	The repeating of a word/phrase to add rhythm or to emphasize an idea	66
8848145304	Rhetoric	The art of persuasion	67
8848146403	Rhetorical Analysis	An examination of how well the components of an argument work together to persuade or move an audience	68
8848148528	Rhetorical Question	A question posed to raise an issue or create an effect rather than to get a response	69
8848151599	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule	70
8848154348	Scare Tactic	A fallacy of argument presenting an issue in terms or exaggerated threats or dangers	71
8848157939	Sentimental Appeal	A fallacy of argument in which an appeal is based on excessive emotion	72
8848159963	Simile	A comparison using like or as	73
8848161405	Slippery Slope	A fallacy of argument exaggerating the possibility that a relatively inconsequential action or choice today will have serious negative consequences in the future	74
8848166287	Stacking the Deck	A fallacy of argument in which the writer shows only one side of an argument	75
8848169508	Straw Man	A fallacy of argument in which an opponent's position is misrepresented as being more extreme than it actually is, so that it's easier to refute	76
8848174861	Style	An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices	77
8848178670	Subjective	Based on one's thoughts, opinions, feelings, moods	78
8848180671	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Grouping of words	79
8848184594	Thesis	A sentence that concisely states a writer's main point	80
8848186364	Tone	The narrator's attitude towards the material, the audience, or both	81
8848188200	Understatement	A figure of speech that makes a weaker statement than a situation seems to call for	82
8848190914	Appeals to Values	A strategy in which a writer invokes shared principles and traditions of a society as a reason for accepting a claim	83
8848195426	Warrant	A statement that links a claim to a supporting reason	84