AP Psych- Thinking and Language Flashcards

8557235967	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	0
8557237271	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people	1
8557238257	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to this provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a typical bird, such as a robin)	2
8557258632	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem	3
8557264815	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently (like a rule of thumb)	4
8557270516	insight	a sudden realization of a problem's solution	5
8557271680	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	6
8557276109	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	7
8557289622	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought	8
8557291739	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	9
8557297035	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct- to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments	10
8557363542	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	11
8557371031	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments	12
8557374261	creativity	the ability to produce new and valuable ideas	13
8557376234	convergent thinking	narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution	14
8557377806	divergent thinking	expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions	15
8557382840	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	16
8557386294	phoneme	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit (single letters in the alphabet)	17
8557387625	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word, such as a prefix (-s makes a word plural)	18
8557392785	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others; in a given language, semantics in the set of rules of deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into sensible sentences	19
8557398324	babbling stage	beginning at 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	20
8557416230	one-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	21
8557420301	two-word stage	beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements	22
8557426018	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegraph- "go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs	23
8557431650	Broca's area	controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech	24
8557434467	Wernicke's area	controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe	25
8557439776	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving	26
8557445562	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; interferes with problem solving	27
8557448117	representative heuristic	to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes	28
8557450666	belief bias	we more easily see the illogic conclusions that run counter to our beliefs than those that agree with our beliefs	29
8557471274	artificial intelligence	tries to stimulate human thought processes, practical appliances, etc.	30
8557473785	neural networks	computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells	31
8557477399	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning	32
8557482640	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	33
8557499051	linguistic relativity	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	34
8557500434	language acquisition device	innate ability to acquire language (innate)	35
8557502790	critical period	the first few years of life constitute the time during which language develops readily and after which language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful	36