AP Language- Semester 1 Flashcards

8094986017	SOSPARTA	Subject Occasion Speaker Purpose Audience Rhetorical Canon Tone Appeals	0
8094997087	Subject	The topic of the text	1
8094998027	Occasion	The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	2
8094998028	Speaker	The voice of a work	3
8094998029	Purpose	The goal the speaker wants to achieve	4
8094998863	Audience	Who the author is directing his or her message towards	5
8094998864	Rhetorical Canons	Invention, Arrangement, Style	6
8094999652	Tone	How the author feels	7
8094999653	Appeals	Ethos, logos, pathos	8
8094999654	Ethos	Ethics	9
8095000640	Pathos	Emotion	10
8095000641	Logos	Logic	11
8095001557	Rhetorical Situation	Rhetor Exigence Copia Occasion Kairos Audience Constraints Purpose	12
8524911525	Rhetor	Speaker	13
8524915876	Exigence	An issue, problem, or situation that gives the rhetor purpose	14
8524923725	Copia	Background Knowledge	15
8524929386	Occasion	Intentional release	16
8524949047	Kairos	Timing	17
8524949050	Audience	Recipient	18
8524951719	Constraints	Internal: Personal problem and how to express it External: Limitations by materials and audience	19
8524957536	Purpose	Purpose	20
8095005268	Paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	21
8095006901	Rhetorical Triangle	Rhetor/speaker, audience, purpose/subject, text	22
8095035350	Valid Argument	If all the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false	23
8095035351	Sound Argument	If all the premises are valid and all premises are true	24
8095038066	Good Argument	Valid and sound	25
8095038067	Bad Argument	Valid but not sound	26
8095039238	Evidence Spectrum	1. Facts 2.Examples 3. Precedents 4. Statistics 5. Expert Opinion 6. Anecdote 7. Testimonial 8. Analogy 9. Hypothetical 10. Personal Opinion	27
8095047841	Fallacies	Errors of reasoning	28
8095057961	Fallacies of Relevance	Premises prove irrelevant to the conclusion	29
8095059639	Ad Hominem	Not relevant; personal attack Ex: Well you don't like spinach (convo about something else)	30
8095059640	Ad Populum	It is true because most people support it Ex: 80% of x like y. Therefore x is the best	31
8095063851	Argumentum ad ignorantium	Lack of information and evidence Ex: x is true because you can't prove not x	32
8095063852	Appeal to False Authority	Using an unreliable source Ex: P1 says it's true. Therefore it must be true	33
8095065309	False Analogy	Connecting two things that aren't similar Ex: x is similar to y. y is z. Therefore x is z	34
8095065310	Red Herring	Bringing random facts into an argument; irrelevant statement Ex: x is y. r is q. Therefore z is y	35
8095067036	Fallacies of Accuracy/ Sufficiency	Premises prove inaccurate or lack sufficient evidence	36
8095067037	Circular Argument/Reasoning	Repeating the same premise and drawing a conclusion from it; can't prove Ex: x causes z because z says so	37
8095068339	Either/Or	Two options said like they're the only two options Ex: Choose x or y	38
8095068340	Hasty Generalization	Drawing a conclusion on a small sample instead of looking at stats based on the average situation Ex: P1 and P2 believe x. Therefore everyone believes x	39
8095068341	Post Hoc	Relating two things that happened together but had nothing to do with each other Ex: Because x, then y	40
8095070126	Slippery Slope	Events tied together with an unrelated conclusion Ex: A then B. Therefore Z	41
8095071281	Fallacies of Ambiguity	Premises rely on deception or manipulation of terms or ideas	42
8095071282	Equivocation	When a phrase in an argument is used in more than one meaning Ex: Who's on first? What's on second?	43
8095140647	Straw Man	Substituting someone's position of an extreme version Ex: P1- Claim P2- Relates y to x (simple) and attacks distorted x claims to y to be false	44
8095156896	Invention	Relationships among ideas used to craft or support an argument	45
8095156897	Definition	Considers the larger group to which something belongs	46
8095159025	Genus/Species	Identifies a given thing as being part of a larger class	47
8095160663	Whole/Parts	Clarifies by describing a whole and it's parts or the parts that make up the whole	48
8095170309	Subject/Adjuncts	Takes into account both what is essential (subject) and what is accidental (adjuncts)	49
8095694512	Similarity/Difference	Compares and contrasts	50
8095694513	Contraries	Considers opposite or incompatible things that are of the same kind	51
8095696415	Degree	Focuses on more or less	52
8095698359	More good/less bad	A greater number of things is often considered better than a small number of the same things	53
8095698360	Ends/Means	An end is a greater good than that which is only a means	54
8095701445	Scarcity/Rarity	What is scarce is more valued than what is abundant	55
8095701446	Learned Beings	What learned people would choose is better than what the ignorant would choose	56
8095703461	Majority Rule	What the majority of people would choose is better than what the minority would choose	57
8095707707	Possessing over Appearing	What people would really like to possess is a greater good than what they would like to give the impression of possessing	58
8095710310	Fortiorti	When the rhetoric reaches a conclusion by first setting up two possibilities of varying values	59
8095711731	Cause/Effect	Considers the effects of a given cause or the causes contributing to given effects	60
8095712914	Antecedent/Consequence	Considers events or consequences that follow given actions or conditions; similar to cause and effect	61
8095714007	Possible/Impossible	An examination of the feasibility of a proposed action	62
8095715177	Past fact/Future fact	Refers back to general events in the past to suppose what will occur in the future	63
8095719198	Notation and Conjugates	Making an argument based on the relationship between language and that to which language refers	64
8095720491	First-Hand Evidence	Something that you know	65
8095720492	Personal Experience	Adds a human element and pathos	66
8095721839	Anecdotes	About other people that you've either observed or been told about	67
8095721840	Current Events	What is happening locally, nationally, and globally	68
8095723251	Second-Hand Evidence	Accessed through research, reading, and investigation	69
8095723252	Historical Information	Verifiable facts that a writer knows from research	70
8095724661	Expert Opinion	The opinion of someone who has either published research or whose job gives them an expert viewpoint	71
8095726328	Quantitative Evidence	Statistics, surveys, polls, or census information	72
8095728825	Classical Oration	Introduction Narration Confirmation Refutation Conclusion	73
8095731245	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general	74
8095731246	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific	75
8095734573	Arrangement	The structure of a text	76
8095734574	Claim	States the main point or stance	77
8095736052	Claims of Fact	Assert that something is true or not true	78
8095737762	Claims of Value	Argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable	79
8095738940	Claims of Policy	Propose a change	80
8095742690	Closed Thesis Statement	A statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make	81
8095742691	Open Thesis Statement	A statement that does not list all the points the writer intends to make	82
8453045713	Subject- Syntax	What is performing the verb; who or what	83
8453224663	Noun	Person, place, thing, or idea	84
8453242424	Verb	An action	85
8453246233	Modifier	Words, phrases, or clauses that provide description	86
8453267263	Relative Pronouns	Connects a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun; who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, that	87
8453281677	Adjective	Describes a noun	88
8453293399	Adverb	Describes a verb; can often be replaced by another verb	89
8453307384	Conjunctive Adverb	Connects phrases, words, or clauses	90
8453343994	Conjunctions	Connects or joins together words, phrases, clauses, or sentences	91
8453377027	Coordinating Conjunctions	FANBOYS; Gives equal emphasis to two main clauses	92
8453387424	Subordinating Conjunctions	Connects two unequal parts	93
8453453895	Participle	Tense of a verb	94
8453467506	Infinitive	To+verb	95
8453489985	Gerund	Ends in -ing; functions as a noun	96
8453500765	Preposition	Indicates location or time	97
8453883421	Phrase	Two or more words that do not contain the subject- verb pair necessary to form a clause	98
8453914480	Participial Phrase	Begins with a past or present participle; functions as an adjective	99
8454157666	Prepositional Phrase	Begins with a prepositions and ends with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause	100
8454157667	Gerund Phrase	Begins with a gerund; functions as a noun	101
8454157668	Appositive Phrase	A noun or phrase that describes another noun next to it; always separated by commas	102
8454157669	Infinitive Phrase	Begins with an infinitive; functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb	103
8454157670	Clause	Contains a subject and a verb	104
8454157671	Independent Clause	Includes a subject and a verb and is a complete thought	105
8454157672	Dependent Clause	Includes a subject and a verb but is not a complete thought	106
8454157673	Adjective Clause	Contains a subject and a verb; Begins with a relative pronoun or relative adverb; Functions as an adjective	107
8454157674	Subordinate Clause	A subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun connected to a subject and a verb	108
8454157675	Adverbial Clause	Contains a subordinate conjunction; Answers: How? When? Where? or Why?	109
8454157676	Simple Sentence	One independent clause that can have a phrase attached to it	110
8454157677	Compound Sentence	Two independent clauses joined by: a coordinating conjunction, a conjunctive adverb, or a semicolon	111
8454157678	Complex Sentence	One dependent clause joined to an independent clause	112
8454157679	Compound- Complex Sentence	Two independent clauses joined to one or more dependent clauses	113
8454157680	Cumulative Sentence	An independent clause followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause	114
8454157681	Periodic Sentence	Begins with phrases and clauses and ends with the independent clause; IC is closest to the period; adds suspense	115
8454456511	Figures of Repetition	Creates emphasis, clarity, amplification, or emotional effect	116
8454456512	Alliteration	Repetition of the same sound at the beginning of two or more stressed syllables	117
8454456513	Anaphora	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines (opposite of diacope)	118
8454456514	Assonance	Repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds	119
8454456515	Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.	120
8454456516	Consonance	Repetition of consonant sounds	121
8454456517	Diacope	Repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase (opposite of anaphora)	122
8454456518	Epistrophe	Repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses	123
8454456519	Polyptoton	Repetition of words derived from the same root	124
8454456520	Polysyndeton	The placement of many conjunctions between words or clauses	125
8454456521	Figures of Parallelism	Using elements in sentences that are grammatically similar or identical in structure, sound, meaning, or meter	126
8454456522	Chiasmus	Reversal of grammatical structures in successive clauses or phrases; not word for word reversal	127
8454456523	Zeugma	A figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses	128
8454456524	Parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words	129
8454456525	Isocolon	A succession of phrases of approximately equal length and corresponding structure.	130
8454456526	Antimetabole	Reversal of grammatical structures in successive clauses or phrases; word for word reversal	131
8454456527	Randies		132
8454456528	Enumeratio	A subject divided into parts or details, usually in a list	133
8454456529	Hypophora	Asking a question and immediately answering it	134
8454456530	Metonymy	Using a single feature to represent the whole	135
8454456531	Synecdoche	A type of metaphor where a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	136
8454456532	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	137
8454456533	Figures of Contrast	Identifies differences between subjects, places, people, things, or ideas	138
8454456534	Anastrophe	Inversion of the natural or usual word order; Yoda	139
8454456535	Juxtaposition	Compares two items side by side; points of ridiculousness of one item	140
8454456536	Antithesis	Contrasting ideas or words in parallel structure	141
8454456537	Metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	142
8454456538	Simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	143
8454456539	Personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	144