AP Psychology - Language and Cognition Flashcards
Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 8151479579 | cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |  | 0 |
| 8151479580 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |  | 1 |
| 8151479581 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. |  | 2 |
| 8151479582 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics. |  | 3 |
| 8151479583 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. |  | 4 |
| 8151479584 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |  | 5 |
| 8151479585 | behaviorist theory | the theory of language development that argues humans learn language through trial/error and gradually learn more effective ways to speak to get what they want |  | 6 |
| 8151479586 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. |  | 7 |
| 8151479587 | fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. |  | 8 |
| 8151479588 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |  | 9 |
| 8151479589 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. |  | 10 |
| 8151479590 | representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. |  | 11 |
| 8151479591 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. |  | 12 |
| 8151479592 | nativist theory | the theory of language development that states that humans have a natural, innate ability to develop language (theorized by Chomsky) |  | 13 |
| 8151479593 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |  | 14 |
| 8151479594 | Language Acquisition Device | this structure allows for the innate development of language (theorized by Chomsky) |  | 15 |
| 8151479595 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. |  | 16 |
| 8151479596 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. |  | 17 |
| 8151479597 | phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. |  | 18 |
| 8151479598 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). |  | 19 |
| 8151479599 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |  | 20 |
| 8151479600 | semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. |  | 21 |
| 8151479601 | syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. |  | 22 |
| 8151479602 | babbling stage | babies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo |  | 23 |
| 8151479603 | one-word stage | the stage in which children speak mainly in single words | | 24 |
| 8151479604 | two-word stage | they start uttering two word sentences | | 25 |
| 8151479605 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs. |  | 26 |
| 8151479606 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. |  | 27 |
| 8151479607 | aphasia | loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage. | 28 | |
| 8151479608 | Broca's area | a region of the brain concerned with the production of speech | 29 | |
| 8151479609 | Wernicke's area | a region of the brain concerned with the comprehension of language | 30 | |
| 8151494333 | Divergent thinking | Thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question | 31 | |
| 8151498098 | Convergent thinking | Thinking pointed toward one solution | 32 |