AP PSYCH: Cognition and Language Flashcards

6071543137	algorithm	rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method	0
6071543138	availability	a heuristic by which a judgement or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved from memory	1
6071543139	brainstorming	method of creative thinking that separates the production and evaluation of ideas	2
6071543140	cognition	the process of thinking, knowing, or mentally processing information	3
6071543141	compensatory model	a rational decision-making model in which choices are systematically evaluated on various criteria	4
6071543142	concept	generalized idea representing a class of related objects or events	5
6071543143	confirmation bias	tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief	6
6071543144	convergent thinking	thinking pointed toward one solution	7
6071543145	deep structure	the underlying meaning of a sentence	8
6071543146	divergent thinking	thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question	9
6071543147	figurative language	expressive or nonliteral language such as metaphor and irony	10
6071543148	functionl fixedness	the inability to see a new use for an object	11
6071543149	grammar	set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or writing	12
6071543150	heuristic	a rule of thumb a rule generally but not always true that can be used to make a judgement in a situation	13
6071543151	hill climbing	heuristic problem-solving strategy in which each step moves you progressively closer to the final goal	14
6071543152	idealized cognitivie model	conception of events as we expect to typically find them	15
6071543153	images	mental pictures we create in our minds of the outside world	16
6071543154	morpheme	smallest unit of meaningful sound such as simple words prefixes and suffixes	17
6071543155	phonemes	smallest units of sound used in a language	18
6071543156	problem representation	first step in solving a problem; involves interpreting or defining the problem	19
6071543157	prototypes	what we think is the mot typical example of a particular concept	20
6071543158	representativeness	heuristic by which a new situation is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model	21
6071543159	semantics	criteria for assigning meaning to the morphemes in a language	22
6071543160	set	predisposition to respond in a certain way	23
6071543161	subgoals	intermediate, more manageable goals used in one heuristic strategy to make it easier to reach the final goal	24
6071543162	surface structure	particular words and phrases used to make up a sentence	25
6071543163	syntax	rules for ordering words, when forming sentencing	26
6071543164	tactic of elimination	Problem-solving strategy in which possible solutions are evaluated according to appropriate criteria and discarded as they fail to contribute to solution	27
6071543165	telegraphic speech	meaning is usually clear at this stage but syntax is absent	28
6071543166	trial and error	Problem-solving strategy based on the successive elimination of incorrect solutions until the correct one is found	29
6071543167	visualizing	Problem-solving strategy in which principles or concepts are drawn, diagrammed, or charted so that they can be better understood	30
6071543168	working backward	heuristic strategy in which one works backwards from the desired goal to the given conditions	31
6071543169	language	words or symbols, and rules for combing them, that are used for thinking and communication	32
6071543170	information retreival	recovering info from storage in memory	33
6071543171	means end analysis	combines aspects of both froward and backward reasoning in that both the condition and action portions of rules are looked at when considering which rule to apply	34
6071543172	linguistic reltivity hypothesis	structure of a language affects the ways in which its speakers are able to conceptualize their world	35