Terminology for AP Language and Compostition Flashcards

4726590276	alliteration	the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables	0
4726591284	allusion	an indirect reference, often to another text or a historic event	1
4726591801	analogy	an extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
4726592801	anaphora	the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
4726593862	anecdote	a short amount of an interesting event	4
4726594256	annotation	explanatory or critical notes added to a text	5
4726594585	antecedent	the noun to which a later pronoun refers	6
4726595702	antimetabole	the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast	7
4726596396	antithesis	parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	8
4726601174	aphorism	a short, astute statement of a general truth	9
4726603309	appositive	a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	10
4726603812	archaic diction	the use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	11
4726605620	argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	12
4726606240	aristotelian triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle)	13
4726607730	assertion	an emphatic statement; declaration. an assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument	14
4726608352	assumption	a belief or statement taken for granted without proof	15
4726608620	asyndeton	leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses	16
4726608972	attitude	the speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	17
4726609312	audience	one's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed	18
4726615601	authority	a reliable, respected source-someone with knowledge	19
4726621706	bias	prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	20
4726624147	cite	identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	21
4726625404	claim	an assertion, usually supported by evidence	22
4726625754	close reading	a careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text	23
4726640437	colloquial/ism	an informal or conversational use of language	24
4731082554	common ground	shared beliefs, values, or positions	25
4731082848	complex sentence	a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	26
4731083811	concession	a reluctant acknowledgement or yielding	27
4731084631	connotation	that which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)	28
4731085555	context	words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	29
4731087630	coordination	grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but	30
4731089750	counterargument	a challenge to a position; an opposing argument	31
4731091792	cumulative sentence	an independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	32
4731093814	declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a statement	33
4731094134	deduction	reasoning from general to specific	34
4731094423	denotation	the literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition	35
4731094690	diction	word choice	36
4731094962	documentation	bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing	37
4731095522	elegiac	mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone	38
4731096286	epigram	a brief witt statement	39
4731096473	ethos	a Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos)	40
4731097644	figurative language	the use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	41
4731099198	figure of speech	an expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	42
4731100085	hyperbole	exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	43
4731100522	imagery	vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	44
4731104738	imperative sentence	a sentence that requests or commands	45
4731105204	induction	reasoning from specific to general	46
4731105760	inversion	a sentence in which the verb precedes the subject	47
4731112787	irony	a contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result	48
4731115180	juxtaposition	placement of two things side by side for emphasis	49
4731116063	logos	a Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)	50
4731118439	metaphor	a figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison	51
4731120969	metonymy	use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	52
4731123230	occasion	an aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing	53
4731127829	oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines two contradictory but is actually true	54
4731130611	paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	55
4731131875	parallelism	the repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns	56
4731133172	parody	a piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or riducle	57
4731134217	pathos	a Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)	58
4731138271	persona	the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a ice of writing	59
4731140412	personification	assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects	60
4731140709	polemic	an argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion	61
4731142264	polysyndeton	the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions	62
4731144234	premise: major, minor	two parts of a syllogism. the concluding sentence of asyllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise	63
4731147114	major premise	all mammals are warm-blooded	64
4731148349	minor premise	all horses are mammals	65
4731149196	conclusion	all horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism)	66
4731150240	propaganda	a negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information	67
4731151556	purpose	one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	68
4731157963	refute	to discredit and argument, particularly a counterargument	69
4731158503	rhetoric	the study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"	70
4731159481	rhetorical modes	patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation	71
4731163923	rhetorical question	a question asked more to produce an effect than to summon and answer	72
4731168199	rhetorical triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle)	73
4731169467	satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	74
4731169881	scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	75
4731170322	sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	76
4731170921	sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.	77
4731171322	simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	78
4731171693	simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	79
4731172132	source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	80
4731172505	speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.	81
4731172793	straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.	82
4731173409	style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.	83
4731174511	subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	84
4731174858	subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.	85
4731175289	subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.	86
4731175671	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor).	87
4731176099	syntax	sentence structure	88
4731176638	synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	89
4731177001	thesis	the central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	90
4731177379	thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.	91
4731177671	tone	the speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	92
4731178357	topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	93
4731179028	trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.	94
4731180675	understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	95
4731180676	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	96
4731181105	zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence.	97