Terminology for AP Language and Composition Flashcards

7088123632	Alliteration	the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables	0
7088124160	Allusion	an indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event	1
7088125211	Analogy	an extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
7088128641	Anaphora	the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
7088129004	Anecdote	a short account of an interesting event	4
7088130286	Annotation	explanatory or critical notes added to a text	5
7088132343	Antecedent	the noun to which a later pronoun refers	6
7088135787	Antimetabole	the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast	7
7088138095	Antithesis	parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	8
7088140059	Aphorism	a short, astute statement of a general truth	9
7088140336	Appositive	a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	10
7088143696	Archaic diction	the use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	11
7088144537	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence	12
7088145500	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle)	13
7088147449	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument	14
7088148188	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof. Asyndeton: Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses	15
7088149256	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	16
7088150747	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed	17
7088151255	Authority	A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge	18
7088151667	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	19
7088152560	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	20
7088153561	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.	21
7088154305	Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.	22
7088154829	Colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language	23
7088156479	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions	24
7088157096	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	25
7088157772	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.	26
7088158264	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)	27
7088158923	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	28
7088159426	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.	29
7088159840	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument	30
7088160722	Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	31
7088161400	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement.	32
7088162338	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific	33
7088164398	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition	34
7088164971	Diction	word choice	35
7088165943	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.	36
7088166311	Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone	37
7088168003	Epigram	A brief witty statement	38
7088168629	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos)	39
7088169147	Figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	40
7088169736	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	41
7088170077	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	42
7088170592	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	43
7088172623	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands	44
7088173933	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general	45
7088175083	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject	46
7088175951	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result	47
7088176194	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis	48
7088176965	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)	49
7088178122	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison	50
7088179393	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	51
7088179799	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing	52
7088180775	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.	53
7088181810	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	54
7088183321	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns	55
7088183623	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule	56
7088184192	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)	57
7088184617	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	58
7088185265	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	59
7088188078	Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.	60
7088188396	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	61
7088189151	Premise	major, minor Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise	62
7088191121	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	63
7088193299	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	64
7088194246	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.	65
7088194830	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."	66
7088195564	Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	67
7088195983	Rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer	68
7088196455	Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle)	69
7088197100	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it	70
7088197790	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	71
7088198137	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex	72
7088198962	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.	73
7088199652	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things	74
7088200947	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause	75
7088201569	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information	76
7088202084	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	77
7088203292	Straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position	78
7088203751	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech	79
7088204422	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing	80
7088205180	Subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause	81
7088205784	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.	82
7088206552	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor)	83
7088207154	Syntax	sentence structure	84
7088208074	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex	85
7088208807	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.	86
7088210993	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.	87
7088211498	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.	88
7088212090	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis	89
7088212465	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech	90
7088212844	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect	91
7088213706	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing	92
7088214405	Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence	93