Ap Psychology Memory and Language Flashcards

Some very useful vocabulary for chapter 9 on DAVID G. MYERS

9180234063	Memory	The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.	0
9180234064	Flashbulb Memory	A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.	1
9180234065	Encoding	The process of putting information to the memory system.	2
9180234066	Storage	The retention of encoded information over time.	3
9180234067	Retrieval	The process of getting the information of the memory storage.	4
9180234068	Sensory Memory	The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.	5
9180234069	Short Term Memory	A working memory that last less than 18 seconds before forgotten. The capacity is very limited. 7 +/- 2.	6
9180234070	Long Term Memory	A relatively permanent storage of memory with unlimited capacity. It's subdivided into explicit memory and implicit memory.	7
9180234071	Automatic Processing	An unconscious encoding of information about space, time and frequency that occurs without interfering with our thinking.	8
9180234072	Effortful Processing	An encoding that requires our attention and conscious effort.	9
9180234073	Rehearsal	A conscious repetition of information to either maintain information in the short term memory or to encode it for storage.	10
9180234074	Spacing Effect	The tendency for disturbed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study.	11
9180234075	Serial Position Effect	A better recall for information that comes at the beginning (primary effect) and at the end of a list of words (recency effect).	12
9180234076	Visual Encoding	The encoding of picture images.	13
9180234077	Acoustic Encoding	The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.	14
9180234078	Semantic Encoding	The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.	15
9180234079	Imagery	Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.	16
9180234080	Mnemonics	A memory aid, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.	17
9180234081	Chunking	Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically.	18
9180234082	Iconic Memory	A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second	19
9180234083	Echoic memory	A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.	20
9180234084	Long Term Potentiation	An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. These neurons fire more readily.	21
9180234085	Amnesia	Loss of memory.	22
9180234086	Implicit memory	Retention without conscious recollection.	23
9180234087	Explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.	24
9180234088	Recall	a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. Type of retrieval.	25
9180234089	Recognition	A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned.	26
9180234090	Relearning	A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.	27
9180234091	Priming	The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.	28
9180234092	Déjà vu	the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" caused by retrieval cues activating memory of a previous experience.	29
9180234093	Mood-congruent Memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.	30
9180234094	Proactive Interference	The process by which old memories prevent the retrieval of newer memories.	31
9180234095	Retroactive Interference	The process by which new memories prevent the retrieval of older memories.	32
9180234096	Repression	The tendency to forget unpleasant or traumatic memories hidden in the unconscious mind according to Freud.	33
9180234097	Misinformation Effect	Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.	34
9180333191	Hippocampus	part of the brain that helps process explicit memories for storage	35
9180336359	Source Amnesia	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined	36
9180341386	Working Memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.	37
9180341387	Parallel Processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously	38
9182522563	Language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	39
9182528452	Phoneme	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	40
9182533600	Morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)	41
9182541736	Grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	42
9182547289	Semantics	The study of meaning in language.	43
9182551539	Syntax	studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences	44
9182557977	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	45
9182561571	One-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.	46
9182716621	Two-word stage	Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.	47
9182724280	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	48
9182734333	Linguistic relativity	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	49