AP Language and Composition Flashcards

7186285168	alliteration	the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables	0
7186287131	allusion	an indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event	1
7186287578	analogy	an extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
7186288277	anaphora	the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
7186288576	anecdote	a short account of an interesting event	4
7186288911	annotation	explanatory or critical notes added to a text	5
7186289327	antecedent	the noun to which a later pronoun refers	6
7186290002	antimetabole	the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast	7
7186290760	antithesis	parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	8
7186291157	aphorism	a short, astute statement of general truth	9
7186291604	appositive	a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	10
7186294077	archaic diction	the use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	11
7186294978	argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	12
7186295311	aristotelian triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	13
7186296521	assertion	an emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument	14
7186297754	assumption	a belief or statement taken for granted without proof	15
7186326525	asyndeton	leaving out conjunction betweens words, phrases, clauses	16
7186329277	attitude	the speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	17
7186330005	audience	one's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed	18
7186330453	bias	prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	19
7186333332	cite	identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	20
7186333671	claim	an assertion, usually supported by evidence	21
7186333915	close reading	a careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of text	22
7186334975	colloquial/ism	an informal or conversation use of language	23
7186335394	common ground	shared beliefs, values, or positions	24
7186336031	complex sentence	a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	25
7186336342	concession	a reluctant acknowledgment or yielding	26
7186336623	connotation	that which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning	27
7186336953	context	words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	28
7186337214	coordination	grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordination conjugation such as and, or but	29
7186337741	counterarguement	a challenge to a position; an opposing argument	30
7186338060	cumulative sentence	an independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	31
7186340306	declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a statement	32
7186340632	deduction	reasoning from general to specific	33
7186340861	denotation	the literal meaning of a word; its dictionary meaning	34
7186340966	diction	word choice	35
7186341012	documentation	bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing	36
7186341602	elegiac	mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone	37
7186341939	epigram	a brief witty statement	38
7186342407	ethos	a greek term referring to the character or a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	39
7186344795	figurative language	the use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	40
7186345507	figure of speech	an expression that strives for literary effect rather tan conveying a literal meaning	41
7186345836	hyperbole	exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	42
7186346178	imagery	vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	43
7186359247	imperative sentence	a sentence the requests or commands	44
7186359912	induction	reasoning from specific to general	45
7186360390	inversion	a sentence in which the verb preceded the subject	46
7186361648	irony	a contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result	47
7186362031	juxtaposition	placement of two things side by side for emphasis	48
7186362274	logos	a greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	49
7186362962	metaphor	a figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison	50
7186363652	metonymy	use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	51
7186363974	occasion	an aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing	52
7186364336	oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms	53
7186364549	paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	54
7186364765	parody	a piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule	55
7186365572	pathos	a greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	56
7186367685	persona	the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing	57
7186367907	personification	assigning lifelike characterisitics to inanimate objects	58
7186368348	polemic	an argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion	59
7186369357	polysyndeton	the deliberate use of a series of conjuctions	60
7186369551	premise	major, minor two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise.	61
7186371332	propaganda	a negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information	62
7186372065	purpose	one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	63
7186372322	refute	to discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument	64
7186372781	rhetoric	the study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"	65
7186373455	rhetorical modes	patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation	66
7186375335	rhetorical question	a question asked more the produce an effect than to summon an answer	67
7186376013	rhetorial triangle	a diagram that represent s a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	68
7186376651	satire	an ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against	69
7186377245	scheme	a pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	70
7186378010	sentence patterns	the arrangement or independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions--such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex	71
7186379100	sentence variety	using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect	72
7186379966	simile	a figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things	73
7186380241	simple sentence	a statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause	74
7186380839	source	a book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information	75
7186381503	speaker	a term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	76
7186382250	straw man	a logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position	77
7186382956	style	the distinctive quality or speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech	78
7186384042	subject	in rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing	79
7186384546	subordinate clause	created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause	80
7186385186	subordination	the dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence	81
7186385824	syllogism	a form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise	82
7186386290	syntax	sentence structure	83
7186386508	synthesize	combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex	84
7186386946	theis	the central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	85
7186387201	thesis statement	a statement of the central idea in a work, maybe explicit or implicit	86
7186387531	tone	the speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	87
7186387861	topic sentence	a sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis	88
7186388627	trope	artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech	89
7186388946	understatement	lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect	90
7186389599	voice	in grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing	91
7186391130	zuegma	a construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs--often in different, sometimes incongruent ways--two or more words in a sentence	92