AP Psych Language Flashcards

8705097993	concepts	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	0
8705112801	prototype	a mental image of best example of a category; matching new items to it provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories	1
8705124976	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; slower & less error prone than heuristics	2
8705149722	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; quicker and more error prone than algorithms	3
8705172935	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy-based solutions	4
8705181865	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	5
8705245404	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	6
8705254105	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	7
8705282511	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information	8
8705294817	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps b/c of vividness), we presume such events are common	9
8705318267	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments	10
8705339566	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	11
8705361576	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments	12
8705373180	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	13
8705381345	phoneme	the smallest distinctive sound unit in language	14
8705392351	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word, or a part of a word (prefix, root, or suffix)	15
8705401650	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	16
8705417717	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning	17
8705435511	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	18
8705455312	babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	19
8705479827	one-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which the child speaks mostly in single words	20
8705494443	two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly 2-word statements (closest to telegraphic speech)	21
8705505728	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs	22
8734955508	metacognition	thinking about how you think	23
8734993481	Language Acquisition Device	(Chomsky) innate ability to acquire language; nature	24
8735016899	Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis/Linguistic Determinism	(Whorf) largely been discredited by empirical research; language determines what we think	25
8735074552	overgeneralization/overregulation	children apply grammatical rules without making appropriate exceptions (I goed to the store)	26
8735118673	holophrase	around 1st birthday; using one word to convey meaning	27
8735128730	functional fixation	another type of fixation that is characterized by a failure to use an object in an unusual way (an impediment to problem solving)	28
8735150916	anchoring effect	the tendency to be influenced by a suggested reference point, pulling our response toward that point	29
8735167634	Chomsky	NATURE side of language; opposed Skinner's ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and most is INBORN (language acquisition device and universal language)	30
8735190097	Skinner	NURTURE side of language; believed language development may be explained on the basis of learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement	31
8735194139	Whorf	Linguistic Determinism/Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis; suggested that language determines the way we think	32
8735221608	aphasia	an impairment in the ability to produce language (Broca's area damage) or comprehend language (Wernicke's area damage)	33
8781045993	Broca's area	left frontal lobe; controls muscles to produce speech	34
8781048694	Wernicke's area	left temporal lobe; controls comprehension of language and producing coherent speech	35
8783993889	critical period for language	age 7	36