APES populations Flashcards

8594783018	population	a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species	0
8594783019	population change	(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)	1
8594783020	age structure	distribution of individuals among various age groups	2
8594784968	pre-reproductive age	too young to reproduce	3
8594784969	reproductive age	capable of reproduction	4
8594786995	post-reproductive age	too old to reproduce	5
8594786996	range of tolerance	range of variations in physical and chemical environment under which a population can survive	6
8594786997	limiting factors	certain factors that limit population size	7
8594788486	population density	number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume	8
8594788487	J curve	exponential growth	9
8594791690	S curve	logistic curve with a carrying capacity	10
8594791691	environmental resistance	the sum of limiting factors such as sunlight, water, temp, space, nutrients	11
8594791692	carrying capacity	the max population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely	12
8594794004	population crash	when a population uses up resources and temporarily overshoots its carrying capacity	13
8594794005	r-selected species	-shorter life spans -many, usually small, offspring -no parental care -high infant mortality -->more offspring -algae, bacteria, insects -are opportunists	14
8594795726	k-selected species	-reproduce later in life -small # of offspring -longer life spans -larger -cared for and protected by parents	15
8594795727	survivorship curve	trends of species survival as individuals age	16
8594797870	late loss	high survivorship to a certain age, then high mortality	17
8594797871	early loss	low survivorship early in life	18
8594797872	constant loss	constant death rate among all ages	19
8594799746	demographers	population experts	20
8594799747	human population distribution	unevenly weighted towards less-developed countries where the population is growing much faster than in more-developed countries	21
8594802708	viability	how likely a population is to survive	22
8594802709	factors increasing viability	-favorable conditions -fewer predators -high birth rate -high genetic diversity -->ability to adapt to changes -less competition	23
8594805259	factors decreasing viability	-unfavorable conditions -more predators -low birth rate -low genetic diversity --> inability to adapt to changes -more competition	24
8594808252	stationary populations	harder to count	25
8594808253	mobile populations	easier to count	26
8594811229	quadrant estimation	works best for stationary populations, divide area into equal parts and then count individuals in randomly selected sections	27
8594926638	uniform distribution	an even distribution throughout a given area	28
8594926639	clumped distribution	a random distribution throughout a given area	29
8594928924	random distribution	individuals in a population are clustered together, creating some patches with many individuals and some patches with no individuals	30
9059358566	total fertility rate (tfr)	the average number of children born per female in a given country	31
9059364323	replacement level TFR	2.1 in order to replace both parents and account for possible death before reproductive age	32
9059370435	factors affecting a country's birth rate and TFR	-importance of children as part of the labor force -cost of raising and educating children -availability or lack of pension systems -urbanization -educational/employment opportunities for women -average age at marriage -availability of legal abortions -availability of birth control -religious/cultural beliefs	33
9059381548	infant mortality rate	the number of babies out of every 1000 born who die before age one	34
9059385434	pyramid shape age diagram	lack of food, medical care, clean water, pre-industrial countries	35
9059392210	bell shaped age diagram	lower TFR and higher life expectancy, essentially no infant mortality	36
9059398124	urn shaped age diagram	TFR is below replacement level of 2.1, decrease in population over time, occurs in more developed regions	37
9059403279	demographic transition	as countries become industrialized and economically developed, their per capita incomes rise, poverty declines, and population growth slows 4 stages: -preindustrial: birth and death rate high, pop. low -transitional: death rate decreases, birth rate stable, population increasing -industrial: birth, death rates low, population high postindustrial: pop. growth declines as birth rates equal and then fall below death rates	38
9059422267	urban sprawl	the growth of low-density development on the edges of cities and towns	39