AP Hug Vocabulary Flashcards

7211530307	Formal region	Groups of areal units that have a high degree of homogeneity in terms of particular distinguishing features	0
7211530308	Environmental determinism	A doctrine that holds that human activities are controlled by the environment	1
7211530309	Stimulus diffusion	A form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place	2
7211530311	Functional region	An area organized around a node or focal point	3
7211530312	Physiological density	The density of population per unit of arable land	4
7211530313	Relocation diffusion	Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. The most common form involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population	5
7211530314	Possibilism	The theory that the physical environment itself will neither suggest nor determine what people will attempt, but it may limit what people can profitably achieve	6
7211530315	Cartography	The body of practical and theoretical knowledge about making distinctive visual representations of Earth's surface in the form of maps	7
7211530316	Expansion diffusion	The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination	8
7211530317	Contagious diffusion	The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person	9
7211530318	Spatial	Pertaining to space on the Earth's surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic	10
7211530319	Perceptual region	region that only exists as a conceptualization or idea and not as a physically demarcated entity—THE example is the south	11
7211530320	Sequent occupance	The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape	12
7211530321	Pandemic	An outbreak of disease that spreads worldwide	13
7233953696	Quantitative Data	Associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association	14
7233953697	GIS	A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data	15
7233953698	Sunbelt	The south and southwest regions of the United States	16
7233953699	Qualitative Data	Data associated with a humanistic approach to geography and is collected through interviews, empirical observations or interpretation of artifact	17
7233953700	Choropleth map	A thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population density or per-capita income	18
7233953701	Step migration	Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town and city	19
7233953702	Arithmetic density	The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit	20
7233953703	toponym	Place name	21
7233953704	place	A specific geographic setting with distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes	22
7233953705	infrastructure	The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities ( buildings, roads, power supply) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise	23
7233953706	isoline	Line on a map connecting points of equal temperature values	24
7233953707	Distance decay	The fact that the presence or impact of any cultural attribute usually diminishes away from its hearth area	25
7233953708	Cartogram map	is a map in which some thematic mapping variable - such as travel time, population- is substituted for land area or distance. The geometry or space of the map is distorted in order to convey the information of this alternate variable	26
7233953709	Agricultural density	Ratio between the number of agriculturalist per unit of arable land in a specific area	27
7233953710	Graduated symbol	Maps use symbols of different sizes to represent the numerical values of an attribute. The size of the symbol is proportional to the value it symbolizes. Useful for illustrating quantitative information, such as traffic volume, earthquakes at different magnitudes, and population.	28
7282207412	Pronatalist party	Government attempts to raise the rate of natural increase	29
7282207413	Epidemiological transition	Distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition	30
7282207414	census	An official enumeration of the population (counting)	31
7282207415	asylum	Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state	32
7282207416	Eugenic policy	Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others	33
7282207417	Gravity model	A mathematical formula to express the gravitational forces that one object exerts on another; social scientists seek analogous formulas in their study of human activities	34
7282207418	IMR	The number of infants per thousand who die before reaching 1 year of age	35
7282207419	Demographic transition model	Replacement of high birth and death rates but low birth and death rates	36
7282207420	Chain migration	Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links	37
7282207421	Dependency ratio	The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64 , compares to the number of people active in the labor force	38
7282207422	Malthus	Claimed that geometric growth of population would eventually exceed the arithmetic growth of resources	39
7282207423	Population density	Is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume	40
7282207424	Guest worker	A foreign worker permitted to work in a country, especially in Western Europe, on a temporary basis	41
7282207425	Antinatalist policy	Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase	42
7282207426	Carrying capacity	The largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support	43
7361055563	Sharia laws	The system of Islamic law based on varying degrees of interpretations of the Qu'ran	44
7361055564	Shamansim	Community faith in traditional societies in which people follow their religious leader, teacher, healer, and visionary	45
7361055565	Protestant	One of three major branches of Christianity. Resulting from the reformation wherein John Huss, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others challenged many of the fundamental teachings of the Roman Catholic Church	46
7361055567	Remittance	Money migrants send back to families and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poor countries	47
7361055568	TFR	The average number of children that could be born to a woman over her lifetime in a given population.	48
7361055569	Romance languages	French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed	49
7361055570	Slavic Languages	Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian....	50
7361055571	Standard language	The way any language is spoken and written according to formal rules of diction and grammar	51
7361055572	Shi'ite	Muslims who believe that Muhammad's son-in-law Ali should have been the first caliph	52
7361055573	Placelessness	Defined by geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next	53
7361055574	Internally displaced persons	Someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders. They are often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the current legal definition of a refugee.	54
7361055575	Refugees	As defined by the 1951 Geneva Convention, someone with "a well-founded fear of being persecuted in his country of origin for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion."	55
7361055576	Sunni	Muslims who approve the historic order of Muhammad's first four successors; today about 85 percent of all Muslims	56
7361055577	Shintoism	Located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship	57
7442080223	Hearth	An area where an idea or cultural trait originates	58
7442080224	Dialect	A minor variation within a language	59
7442080225	Cultural landscape	A landscape that reveals the many ways people modify their local environment (also called built landscape)	60
7442080226	Taoism	Religion believed to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book entitled "Tao-te-ching," or "Book of the Way." Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature	61
7442080227	Theocracy	A government guided by a religion	62
7442080228	acculturation	process in which one culture substantially changes through interaction with another (one-way transfer)	63
7442080229	Assimilation	The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture.	64
7442080230	ethnocentrism	evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture	65
7442080231	Language families	The languages which are related by descent from a common protolanguage	66
7442080232	Lingua franca	A second language held in common for international discourse	67
7442080233	Ethnic religion	A religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people. Adherents do not actively seek converts through evangelism or missionary work	68
7442080234	Folk culture	Culture that preserves traditions	69
7442080235	Culture trait	A single aspect of the complex of routine practices that constitute a particular cultural group	70
7442080236	Zionism	The belief that the Jews should have a homeland of their own	71
7442080237	amalgamation	in ethnic geography, the concept that multiethnic societies become a merger of the culture traits of their member groups	72
7489683441	Supranationalism	A group of independent countries joined together for purposes of mutual interest	73
7489683442	Buddhism	Founded in the 6th century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal.	74
7489683443	Creole language	A pidgin that has survived long enough to become a mother tongue	75
7489683444	Confucianism	A philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture	76
7489683445	Interfaith boundary	Boundaries between the world's major faiths	77
7489683446	Feng Shui	The placement and design of temples, gravesites, homes, business establishments, and even whole cities to guarantee good luck or happiness	78
7489683448	Intrafaith boundary	Boundaries within a single major faith	79
7489683453	Islam	The youngest of the major world religions	80
7489683454	Germanic languages	English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern European to the west and south	81
7489683455	Diaspora	A spatial dispersion of a previously homogeneous group	82
7489683456	Animistic religion	A belief in the ubiquity of spirits or spiritual forces	83
7489683457	Universalizing religion	Adherents often believe that their religion represents universal truths, and in some cases great effort is undertaken in evangelism and missionary work	84
7489683458	Sacred site	An area recognized by individuals or groups as worthy of special attention as a site of special religious experiences or events	85
7489683459	Popular culture	The culture of people who embrace innovation and conform to changing norms	86
7489683460	Pidgin language	A system of communication which has grown up among people who do not share a common language, but who want to talk with each other	87
7577624351	Intrafaith boundary	Boundaries within a single major faith	88
7577624353	Shifting cultivation	A system in which farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields within which cultivation occurs	89
7577624354	Primogeniture	System which the eldest son in a family—or, in exceptional cases, daughter—inherits all of a dying parent's land	90
7577624355	Plantation agriculture	A system of monoculture for producing export crops requiring relatively large amounts of land and capital; originally dependent on slave labor	91
7577624356	Conquest theory	One major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues	92
7577624357	Official language	The language in which government business is conducted and official records are kept	93
7577624358	Isogloss	A line around places where speakers use a linguistic feature in the same way	94
7577624359	Nostratic	Language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto-Indo-European language among others	95
7577624360	Koppen	A system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation	96
7577624361	Nomadism	Movement among a definite set of places—often cyclic movement	97
7577624362	Transhumance	The movement of herds according to seasonal rhythms: warmer, lowland areas in the winter; cooler, highland areas in the summer	98
7577624363	Slash and burn	The system of cultivation in which plants are cropped close to the ground, left for a period, and then ignited	99
7577624364	Renfrew hypothesi	Proposal that three areas near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European languages, North African and Arabian languages, and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India	100
7577624365	Rectangular survey	Also called the Public Land Survey	101
7577624366	Pilgrimage	Voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual a the site	102
7577624368	Agribusiness	Highly mechanized, large scale farming, usually under corporate ownership	103
7726204653	Organic agriculture	Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs	104
7726204654	horticulture	The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers	105
7726204655	GMO	Any organism that has had its DNA modified in a laboratory rather than through cross-pollination or other forms of evolution	106
7726204656	Intensive farming	any kind of agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield	107
7726204657	Neolithic Revolution	Achieved plant and animal domestication	108
7726204658	Terrace	A farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain	109
7726204659	biotechnology	use of genetically engineered crops in agriculture & DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production.	110
7726204660	Economies of scale	Increase In Effiency Of Production As The Number Of Goods Being Produced Increases	111
7726204661	Green revolution	the recent introduction of high-yield hybrid crops an chemical fertilizers and pesticides into traditional Asian agricultural systems, most notably paddy rice farming, with attendant increases in production and ecological damage	112
7726204662	Second Agricultural Revolution	Benefited from the industrial revolution. Witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce	113
7726204663	Von Thunen Model	Explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy	114
7726204666	Built landscape	Also called cultural landscape	115
7726204668	Aquifer	Subterranean, porous, water-holding rocks that provide millions of wells with steady flows of water.	116
7726204669	Bioclimatic zone	Shifting cultivation and pastoral nomadism are both examples of agricultural systems associated with major __________________	117
7726204670	Commodity chain	Network of labor and production processes beginning with the extraction or production of raw materials and ending with the delivery of a finished commodity	118
7726204671	Extensive farming	an agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area	119
7802684540	Longlot survey	Distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canal	120
7802684541	Secularism	A lifestyle or policy that deliberately ignores or excludes religious consideration	121
7802684542	Balkanization	Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities	122
7802684543	Autonomous region	An administrative division of a country that has a degree of freedom from an external authority. Typically it is either geographically distinct from the rest of the country or populated by a national minority.	123
7802684544	ASEAN (Association of South East Asia Nations)	Political organization; founded in 1967 in Thailand, southeast countries, accelerate economic growth, social progress, & cultural development	124
7802684545	Megalopolis	Term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world. Synonym for conurbation	125
7802684546	Geometric boundary	A political border drawn in a regular, geometric manner, often a straight line, without regard for environmental or cultural patterns	126
7802684549	devolution	Movement of power from central to regional governments	127
7802684550	Delimited	Drawing of boundaries	128
7802684551	Compact state	A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly	129
7802684552	Centripetal force	Forces that bind a state together	130
7802684553	Centrifugal force	Forces that tend to pull states apart	131
7802684554	Demarcated	Boundary built on the landscape	132
7802684558	Multistate nation	Nation that stretches across borders and across states	133
7802684559	Reapportionment	The process of allocating electoral seats to geographical areas	134
7984412526	European Union	Supranational organization that resulted in Europe's common currency	135
7984412527	Gerrymandering	The drawing of voting district lines in ways that include or exclude specific groups of voters, so that one group gains an unfair advantage	136
7984412528	Law of the Sea	These extend from the edge of the territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles (370 kilometres; 230 miles) from the baseline. Within this area, the coastal nation has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources. In casual use, the term may include the territorial sea and even the continental shelf	137
7984412529	Multinational state	State with more than one nation within its borders	138
7984412530	municipalities	a city or town that has corporate status and local government	139
7984412531	Hierarchical diffusion	A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples.	140
7984412533	Irredentism	The homeland of a nationality "spilling over" to another state.	141
7984412534	Heartland theory	A 1904 proposal by Mackinder that the key to world conquest lay in control of the interior of Eurasia	142
7984412535	Census	An official enumeration of the population	143
7984412537	Economic devolution	Centrifugal force due to economic disparity within a country	144
7984412538	Federal	A form of government in which a central government shared power with subunits	145
7984412539	Geopolitical	The study of the interplay between international political relations and the territorial/environmental context in which they occur	146
7984412540	Elongated state	A state with a long, narrow shape	147
7984412541	Ethnocultural devolution	Centrifugal force due to multicultural state	148
7984412542	Fragmented state	A state that included several discontinuous pieces of territory	149
7984412543	metropolitan	a major population center made up of a large city and the smaller suburbs and towns that surround it	150
8169102610	Nation	A group of people often sharing common elements of culture, such as religion or language or a history or political identity	151
8169102611	NATO	an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries	152
8169102612	Perforated state	a state that completely surrounds another state. The only good example of a state that completely surrounds another is Lesotho, surrounded by South Africa	153
8169102613	Sovereignty	The exercise of State power over people and territory, recognized by other States and codified by international law	154
8169102614	Spatial devolution	Centrifugal force due to geographic distance- example = USA/Alaska	155
8169102618	Organic Theory	A country, behaves like an organism-to survive, a state requires nourishment, or territory, to gain political power.	156
8169102619	Primary economic activity	An industry engaged in the extraction of natural resources, such as agriculture, lumbering, and mining	157
8169102620	Prorupted state	These states have a long extension as part of their territory. Example = Thailand	158
8169102621	redistricting	to divide anew into districts, as for administrative or electoral purposes	159
8169102622	State morphology	study of states' shapes and their effects	160
8169102623	NAFTA	Agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December, 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994, to eliminate the barriers to trade	161
8169102624	Nanavut	a territory in northern Canada that includes the eastern part of the original Northwest Territories and most of the islands of the Arctic Archipelago; capital Iqaluit. It is the homeland of the Inuit people	162
8169102625	Nation-state	An independent country dominated by a relatively homogeneous culture group	163
8169102626	Rimland Theory	stated that Eurasia's coastal areas, is the key to controlling the World Island.	164
8169102627	Secondary economic activity	Economic activities that process, transform, fabricate, or assemble the raw materials derived from primary activities, or that reassemble, refinish, or package manufactured goods	165