midterm exam AP PSYCH Flashcards

7911020826	frontal lobe	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements	0
7911033505	parietal lobe	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body postion	1
7911053171	occipital lobe	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite field	2
7911065363	temporal lobe	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information from the opposite ear	3
7911088289	alpha waves	the relatively slow brainwaves of relaxed, awake state	4
7911098043	amygdala	two lima bean sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion	5
7911110165	aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)	6
7911128795	authoritative parenting	parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children	7
7911137893	authoritarian parenting	style of parenting marked by emotional coldness, imposing rules and expecting obedience	8
7911144188	behaviour genetics	the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviour	9
7911154102	Broca's Area	controls language and expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movement and speech	10
7911165029	Wernicke's Area	controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe	11
7911183728	cerebellum	the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output balance	12
7911200227	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus	13
7911250392	cones	retinal cells that are concentrated near the centre of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. the cones detect fine detail and give rise to colour sensations	14
7911274311	crystallised intelligence	one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skill; tends to INCREASE wit age	15
7911287299	delta wave	the large, slow brainwaves associated with deep sleep	16
7911298390	depth perception	the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance	17
7911309313	endorphins	"morphine within" - natural opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure	18
7911323751	fluid intelligence	one's ability to to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to DECREASE during late adulthood	19
7911343140	freud's wish fulfilment ****	dreams are attempts by the unconscious to resolve some repressed conflict	20
7911365299	garcia and koellings study ****	taste aversion	21
7911383652	proximity	we group nearby figures together	22
7911399458	similarity	the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group	23
7911416962	continuation	elements that appear to flow or follow in the same direction are grouped together	24
7911427594	closure	the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete	25
7911430022	figure and ground	organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings	26
7911435429	gestalt principles		27
7911443624	hippocampus	a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process EXPLICIT memories for storage	28
7911455975	hypothalamus	a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endorphins system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion	29
7911477664	interposition	a monocular depth cue in which one object partly covering another is assumed to be closer in distance	30
7911492791	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts	31
7911503564	melatonin	a hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness	32
7911525641	case studies	an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	33
7911542181	survey	a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them	34
7911559687	naturalistic observation	observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	35
7911572635	experiment	a research method in which an investigator manipulates on or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental process (dependent variable)	36
7911598503	myelin sheath	a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibres of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next	37
7911622870	natural selection	the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed to succeeding generations	38
7911635392	nature vs. nurture	extent to which the origins of personality are in biology or the environment	39
7911643277	CNS	abbreviation for central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord	40
7911646214	PNS	sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body peripheral nervous system - somatic nervous system (voluntary movements) - autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) - sympathetic (arousing, stops digestion, releases adrenaline, fight or flight) - parasympathetic (calming, starts digestion - rest and digest)	41
7911673180	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	42
7911685528	perceptual set	a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another	43
7911696105	permissive parenting	style of parenting in which parents offer warmth and caring but little control over their children	44
7911701410	concrete opperational	7-11 years - PIAGET - thinking logically about CONCRETE events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations - conservation - math magical transformations	45
7911734188	formal operational	12 through adulthood - PIAGET - abstract reasoning - abstract logic - potential for mature moral reasoning	46
7911740023	sensorimotor	birth to 2 years - experiencing the world through SENSES and actions (looking, touching, grasping, mouthing) - object permanence - stranger anxiety	47
7911754394	pre-operational	in which children reason intuitively, not logically 2-7 years - egocentrism	48
7911774245	plasticity	the brains capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganisation following damage (esp. in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development	49
7911794081	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response	50
7911806380	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of OLD learning on the recall of NEW information	51
7911812101	retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of NEW learning on the recall of OLD information	52
7911816978	prosopagnosia	inability to recognize or perceive faces	53
7911825219	psychokinesis	production of motion, especially in inanimate objects that are remote, by means of psychic power	54
7911833969	recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test	55
7911843907	REM	rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur	56
7911853258	NREM	Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep`	57
7911861715	retinal disparity	a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object	58
7911884766	retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage	59
7911891346	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond	60
7911904588	secure attachment	Play/explore when mother present upset when she leaves calmed when she returns	61
7911912244	insecure attachment	infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist they cling to the mother or caregiver	62
7911926365	selective attention	the focussing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect	63
7911936377	sleep spindles	short bursts of brain waves detected in stage 2 sleep	64
7911943960	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance after, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	65
7911951794	temperament	a person's characteristic emotion;l reactivity and intensity	66
7911960759	thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	67
7911975047	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance	68