Myers AP Psychology LEARNING Flashcards

7832771899	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
7832771900	habituation	an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it	1
7832771901	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together.	2
7832771902	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	3
7832771903	behaviorism	psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.	4
7832771904	unconditioned response (UR)	the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
7832771905	unconditioned stimulus (US)	a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food)	6
7832771906	conditioned response (CR)	the learned reaction to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	7
7832771907	conditioned stimulus (CS)	an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction	8
7832771908	acquisition	the "learned" behavior or response	9
7832771909	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS.	10
7832771910	extinction	the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced	11
7832771911	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR	12
7832771912	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses	13
7832771913	discrimination	the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US	14
7832771914	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	15
7832771915	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher	16
7832771916	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	17
7832771917	operant chamber	Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking	18
7832771918	shaping	reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	19
7832771919	discriminative stimulus	a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)	20
7832771920	reinforcer	any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	21
7832771921	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.	22
7832771922	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock.	23
7832771923	primary reinforce	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	24
7832771924	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	25
7832771925	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	26
7832771926	fixed-ratio schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	27
7832771927	variable-ratio schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	28
7832771928	fixed-interval schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	29
7832771929	variable-interval schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	30
7832771930	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	31
7832771931	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)	32
7832771932	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER	33
7832771933	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	34
7832771934	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE	35
7832771935	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE	36
7832771936	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	37
7832771937	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath	38
7832771938	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	39
7832771939	little albert	subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear	40
7832771940	Albert Bandura	researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment	41
7832771941	John Garcia	Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.	42
7832771942	Ivan Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)	43
7832771943	B.F. Skinner	he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.	44
7832771944	John Watson	behaviorist; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat	45
7832771945	biofedback	a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.	46
7832771946	aversion theory	an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.	47
7832771947	neutral stimulus (NS)	environmental factor that doesn't elicit a CR until it is repeatedly paired with the US (ex/ bell in Pavlov experiment)	48