AP Psychology: Unit 9 Flashcards

5552349444	Developmental Psychology	1) a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. 2) human form conception until death	0
5552351615	Zygote	1) the fertilized egg, it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. 2) 0-2 weeks old, egg + sperm	1
5552353370	Embryo	1) the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. 2) 2-8 weeks old, major organs are made	2
5552353371	Fetus	1) the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. 2) 9+ weeks old	3
5552355745	Teratogens	1) agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. 2) agents that can reach an unborn baby	4
5552360841	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)	1) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. 2) when a mother drinks during pregnancy, causes birth defects	5
5552363373	Habituation	1) decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. 2) adapt to a repeated stimuli	6
5552363398	Maturation	1) biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. 2) starts of the same but end at different times	7
5552365620	Cognition	1) all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. 2) mental activities	8
5552367130	Schema	1) a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. 2) concepts/ideas	9
5552369031	Assimilation	1) interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. 2) learn something by comparing to something similar	10
5552370891	Accommodation	1) adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. 2) learn something that is not compared to other things	11
5552372574	Sensorimotor Stage	1) in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. 2) learns about the world trough sensory and motor function	12
5552374899	Object Permanence	1) the awareness that things continue to exist when not perceived. 2) knows things are still existing even though you cannot see it	13
5552376740	Preoperational Stage	1) in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. 2) child understands language, not logic	14
5552382825	Conservation	1) the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. 2) when you know that properties remain the same even with changes in the form	15
5552385284	Egocentrism	1) in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. 2) only their point of view (me, me, me)	16
5552385285	Theory of Mind	1) people's ideas about their own and other's mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict 2) idea about their own mental states	17
5552387228	Concrete Operational Stage	1) in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. 2) Children starts understanding logic	18
5552391800	Formal Operational Stage	1) in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. 2) child can think abstractly and like an adult	19
5552393938	Autism	1) a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other's states of mind. 2) disorder marked by deficient communication, not social, and don't understand other people's state of mind	20
5552395961	Stranger Anxiety	1) the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. 2) fear of strangers	21
5552395962	Attachment	1) an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. 2) emotional bond	22
5552397797	Critical Period	1) an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. 2) important period that produces proper development	23
5552402347	Imprinting	1) the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. 2) following of the first large moving object	24
5552407841	Temperament	1) a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. 2) a person's characteristics	25
5552411443	Basic Trust	1) according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. 2) sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy	26
5552413771	Self-concept	1) our understanding and evaluation of who we are. 2) who we think we are	27
5552416584	Gender	1) in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. 2) our role as a male or female (bio and Social)	28
5552418716	Aggression	1) physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. 2) ability to hurt others on purpose	29
5552418717	X Chromosome	1) the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. 2) a female and male chromosome but females have more	30
5552421362	Y Chromosome	1) the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. 2) a male chromosome	31
5552423590	Testosterone	1) the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. 2) sex hormone	32
5552425590	Role	1) a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. 2) our norms	33
5552427541	Gender Role	1) a set of expected behaviors for males or for females. 2) norms for males and females	34
5552431309	Gender Identity	1) our sense of being male or female 2) how we feel about our gender	35
5552433185	Gender Typing	1) the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. 2) learning of male and female roles	36
5552435835	Social Learning Theory	1) the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. 2) learn by watching (observational learning)	37
5552437643	Adolescence	1) the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. 2) teen years	38
5552439303	Puberty	1 the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. 2) time in life when you can start having babies	39
5552439304	Primary Sexual Characteristics	1) the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that makes sexual reproduction possible. 2) what is needed for babies	40
5552441348	Secondary Sex Characteristics	1) non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. 2) the side-effects of puberty (not needed)	41
5552447090	Menarche	1) the first menstrual period. 2) women's first period	42
5552447091	Identity	1) our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. 2) how we see our self	43
5552449121	Social Identify	1) the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships. 2) how we see ourselves as a generation	44
5552451356	Intimacy	1) in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. 2) when you start making strong, forever lasting relationships	45
5552453552	Emerging Adulthood	1) for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. 2) starting to be a adult	46
5552456523	Menopause	1) the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. 2) loss the ability to let go of eggs (don't have any more)	47
5552457977	Cross-sectional Study	1) a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. 2) fast paced learning with different ages	48
5552459920	Longitudinal Study	1) research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. 2) expensive experimentation with one group of people	49
5552463003	Crystallized Intelligence	1) our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. 2) things we already know that tends to increase with age	50
5552466742	Fluid Intelligence	1) our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. 2) how fast our mind works that tends to decrease with age	51
5552470461	Social Clock	1) the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. 2) how people see when it is necessary to do certain things in life	52