AP Psychology Vocab - Learning Flashcards

5387657746	learning	the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge	0
5387657747	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	1
5387657748	stimulus	a change in an organism's surroundings that causes the organism to react	2
5387657749	neutral stimulus	a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response	3
5387657750	unconditioned stimulus	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response	4
5387657751	unconditioned response	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.	5
5387657752	conditioned stimulus	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response	6
5387657753	acquisition	an ability that has been acquired by training (process)	7
5387657754	extinction	a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus	8
5387657755	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	9
5387657756	generalization	(psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus	10
5387657757	discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	11
5387657758	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)	12
5387657759	aversive conditioning	A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)	13
5387657761	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	14
5387657762	operant conditioning	A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	15
5387657763	positive reinforcement	any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response	16
5387657764	primary reinforcer	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	17
5387657765	secondary reinforcer	stimulus such as money that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer	18
5387657768	negative reinforcement	increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs	19
5387657769	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	20
5387657771	shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	21
5387657772	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	22
5387657773	partial reinforcement	occasional reinforcement of a particular behavior; produces response that is more resistant to extinction	23
5387657774	fixed ratio	a schedule where reinforcement happens after a correct number of responses	24
5387657775	fixed interval	reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	25
5387657776	variable ratio	a schedule where reinforcement happens after a varied number of responses	26
5387657777	variable interval	a schedule where reinforcement happens after a varied length of time	27
5387657780	token economy	an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats	28
5387657785	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	29
5387657787	observational learning	A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.	30
5387704712	behaviorism	An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior	31
5387704713	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.	32
5387704714	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment	33
5387706702	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	34
5387706703	mirror neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.	35
5387706704	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	36
5387706705	operant chamber	in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.	37
5387709066	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.	38
5387710713	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	39
5387713557	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	40