AP Biology: Protein Synthesis Flashcards

8711815637	Anticodon	Ensures correct position of AA on ribosome	0
8711815638	A-site	Charged tRNA arrives with AA; anticodon confirms placement	1
8711815639	Codon	Determine AA; determined by DNA sequence	2
8711815640	Enhancer	Speed up transcription	3
8711815641	E-site	tRNA exits	4
8711815642	Exon	Joined together during splicing the RNA transcript in order to create the mRNA	5
8711815643	Frameshift mutation	1. Frameshift insertion mutation: base insertion of one or more bases 2. Frameshift deletion mutation: base deletion of one or more bases Changes triplet grouping of bases; codons regrouped; abnormal AA sequence; mutant protein	6
8711815644	Histone	Tightly wind DNA into nucleosomes	7
8711815645	Intron	Removed during splicing of RNA transcript in order to make mRNA	8
8711815646	Lysogenic infection	Host intact; virus injects DNA; viral DNA inserted into host DNA genome; host divides with viral DNA	9
8711815647	Lyctic infection	Breaks host cell; virus injects DNA; host cell copies viral DNA and makes proteins; proteins assemble, forming new viruses; cell bursts, releasing new viruses	10
8711815648	mG cap	On the 5' end of mRNA; to find ribosome when it leaves the nucleus	11
8711815649	MicroRNA	DNA INTERFERENCE; attaches to the mRNA and disturbs translation; tells enzyme complex to chop up the double stranded RNA to stop translation	12
8711815650	mRNA	Temporary copy of gene (not identical copy of gene; written in different language); determines AA sequence (codons)	13
8711815651	Nucleosome	a structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones.	14
8711815652	Operator	Repressor binding site	15
8711815653	Inducible operon	Negative control; lack of nutrients -> turns off; default is to turn off; stops transgression of the lac protein	16
8711815654	Repressible operon	Transcription is normal; substrate presence turns it off; repressor binding to operon always turns it off	17
8711815655	Point mutation	1. Point nonsense mutation: premature stop of translation; results in no protein (BAD!!) 2. Point missense mutation: base substitutions; alters function of protein if there is a different amino acid	18
8711815656	Poly-A Tail	Prevents cytoplasm from eating the mRNA; added on 3' end for protection	19
8711815657	Promoter	Start; RNA polymerase attaches to DNA	20
8711815658	P-site	Peptide bond joins AA and polypeptide chain grows	21
8711815659	Splicing	Removing non-coding parts	22
8711815660	Regulatory gene	Codes for repressor; tells whether the operon is active or not	23
8711815661	Repressor	Turns genes off; temporary stopper	24
8711815662	Reverse transcription	1 RNA strand to 1 DNA to 2 DNA; DNA inserts into host genome -> provirus; transcribed into RNA -> viral protein -> assemblage -> leave to affect others the reverse of normal transcription, occurring in some RNA viruses, in which a sequence of nucleotides is copied from an RNA template during the synthesis of a molecule of DNA.	25
8711815663	RNA interference	A biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules.	26
8711815664	RNA Polymerase	Forms RNA polymers	27
8711815665	RNA Processing	RNA Transcript to mRNA; in nucleus	28
8711815666	rRNA	2 ribosomal subunits -> ribosomal complex	29
8711815667	Terminator	End of gene	30
8711815668	Transcription Factor	Turn genes on	31
8711815669	Transcription	Forms mRNA; takes place in nucleus (bc DNA cant leave nucleus)	32
8711815670	Translation	Forms polypeptide chain; in cytoplasm	33
8711815671	tRNA	Carries and transfers AA to polypeptide chain; end for AA attachment; anticodons	34