AP World Chapter 7 Flashcards

8087054602	bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats.	0
8087054603	shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children.	1
8087054604	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam.	2
8087054605	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty.	3
8087054606	Quaraysh	tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century C.E.	4
8087054607	Ka'ba	revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship.	5
8087054608	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar.	6
8087054609	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh.	7
8087054610	Abu Bakr	The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community.	8
8087054611	Khadijah	the wife of Muhammad.	9
8087054612	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam.	10
8087054613	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism.	11
8087054614	umma	community of the faithful within Islam.	12
8087054615	zakat	tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims.	13
8087054616	five pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).	14
8087054617	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset.	15
8087054618	hajj	a Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	16
8087054619	caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community.	17
8087054620	Ridda wars	wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam.	18
8087054621	jihads	Islamic holy war.	19
8087054622	Copts, Nestorians	Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims.	20
8087054623	Uthman	third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali.	21
8087054624	Battle of Siffin	battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party.	22
8087054625	Mu'awiya	first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus.	23
8087054626	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads.	24
8087054627	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam.	25
8087054628	Karbala	site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali.	26
8087054629	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate.	27
8087054630	mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam.	28
8087054631	jizya	head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands.	29
8087054632	dhimmis	"the people of the book," Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus.	30
8087054633	hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an; form the essential writings of Islam.	31
8087054634	Abbasid	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad.	32
8087054635	Battle of the River Zab	750; Abbasid victory over the Umayyads, near the Tigris. Led to Abbasid ascendancy.	33
8087054636	Baghdad	Abbasid capital, close to the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon.	34
8087054637	wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids.	35
8087054638	dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants.	36
8087054639	ayan	the wealthy, landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids.	37