AP Psycholgoy #6 Flashcards

5425658375	Learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
5425660102	Habituation	an organisms's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it	1
5425662652	Associative Learning	learning that certain events occur together. These events may have two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning).	2
5425668400	Classical Conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	3
5425674264	Behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an object science and studies behavior without reference to mental processes.	4
5425682333	Unconditioned Response (UR)	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.	5
5425684213	Unconditioned Stimulus (US)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response.	6
5425685577	Conditioned Response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).	7
5425686877	Conditioned Stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (CS), comes to trigger a conditioned response.	8
5425688896	Acquisition	in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	9
5425720776	Higher Order Conditioning	a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.	10
5425724136	Extinction	the diminishing response to a classical conditoned	11
5425726917	Spontaneous Recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.	12
5425731736	Discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.	13
5425733022	Learned Helplessness	the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.	14
5425737800	Respondent Behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.	15
5425739886	Operant Conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.	16
5425741532	Law of Effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.	17
5425743242	Operant Chamber	in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.	18
5425744916	Shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.	19
5425746582	Discriminative Stimulus	in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement).	20
5425748651	Reinforcer	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.	21
5425750593	Positive Reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.	22
5425752873	Negative Reinforcement	increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock.	23
5425755059	Primary Reinforcer	an innately reinforcer stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.	24
5425756860	Conditioned Reinforcer	a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.	25
5425758673	Continuous Reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.	26
5425760058	Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.	27
5425761875	Fixed-ratio Schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses.	28
5425763584	Variable-ratio Schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.	29
5425765655	Fixed-interval Schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed.	30
5425767127	Variable-interval Schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.	31
5425773675	Punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows.	32
5425773676	Cognitive Map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.	33
5425775586	Latent Learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.	34
5425777452	Insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.	35
5425779569	Intrinsic Motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.	36
5425779570	Extrinsic Motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.	37
5425781696	Observational Learning	learning by observing others. Also called social learning.	38
5425783318	Modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.	39
5425785226	Mirror Neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.	40
5425786420	Prosocial Behavior	= positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.	41