AP Flashcards

8488928437	Great Famine(1315-1322)	A lack of food due to the failed harvests and weather	0
8488949558	GIovanni Boccaccio	Author of the Decameron, how disease was transmitted by interaction with people	1
8488975469	Flagellants	Believed that god was punishing them for their sins, so they whipped themselves, among other things.	2
8488992233	Hundred Years(1337-1453 France and England)	As a result of France's Seizure recongizied	3
8489387375	Stoming of the Bastille	The Storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789. Bastille was a medieval fortress, armory, and political prison and came to symbolize tranny. This dramatic action signaled the beginning of the French Revolution.	4
8489387376	Marquis de Condercet	A French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist whose Condorcet method in voting tally selects the candidate who would beat each of the other candidates in a run-off election.	5
8489387377	Declaration of Pillnitz	A statement issued on 27 August 1791 at Pillnitz Castle near Dresden by Frederick William II of Prussia and the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II who was Marie Antoinette's brother.	6
8489387378	Declaration of Rights of Man	passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights and proclaimed the basic rights of human beings and the limits of the government.	7
8489387379	Brunswick Manifesto	A proclamation issued by Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, commander of the Allied Army, on 25 July 1792 to the population of Paris, France during the War of the First Coalition.	8
8489387380	Olympe de Gouges	French social reformer and writer who challenged conventional views on a number of matters, especially the role of women as citizens.	9
8489387381	Marseillaise	The national anthem of France.	10
8489387382	Battle of Valmy	The first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution.	11
8489387383	Conservative	A person opposed to changed & favors free enterprise, private ownership, & traditional values	12
8489387384	Emigres	Frenchmen who fled France after the revolution of 1789	13
8489387385	Sans-Culottes	A lower-class parisian republican in the FR	14
8489387386	Jacobin Club	A extreme political group with a belief in human equality & used violence	15
8489387387	Jean Paul Marat	A French political physician know for his roles as a radical journalist and Jacobin leader	16
8489387388	Georges Danton	A leading character in the FR as the first president of the Committee of Public Safety	17
8489387389	Guillotine	A device made for executions via beheading	18
8489387390	National Convention	The third government of the Fr that was to make a new constitution since the monarchy was no more	19
8489387391	Maximilien Robespierre	A french lawyer & politician & a member of the Committee of the Public Safety	20
8489387392	Committee of Public Safety	A political body that gained control during the reign of terror and its function was to oversee the government & protect France from enemies	21
8489387393	Reign of Terror	The period of the FR after the First French Republic was made. It was called this because people who didn't support the FR were guillotined	22
8489387394	Directory	The FR government set by the Constitution of the Year III	23
8489387395	Thermidorian Reaction	The remaining period until the National Convention was superseded by the Directory.	24
8489387396	Nouveau Riches	Description of those whose wealth has been acquired within their own generation, rather than by familial inheritance.	25
8489387397	White Terror	The suppression of political dissidents following the February 28 Incident.	26
8489387398	September Massacres	A wave of killings in Paris and other cities in late summer 1792.	27
8489387399	Radicals	A person who advocates through complete political/social reform.	28
8489387400	Moderates/Girondins	A radical political faction in the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention.	29
8489387401	Legislative Assembly	Legislature of France from October 1, 1791 to September 20, 1792 during the years of the French Revolution.	30
8489387402	Turgot	French economist who was in 1774, put in control of finances, but his proposals involved abolishing feudal privileges made him unpopular with wealthy leading to him being dismissed in 1776.	31
8489387403	Necker	Swiss banker who controlled French Finances from 1777-1781. Even though he brought credit to the monarchy and put the finances on "sound footing", he was still fired.	32
8489387404	Caloone	Royal minister who attempts to reform the country's finances in the late 1780s helped trigger the revolution.	33
8489387405	Tricolor Cockade	Symbol that represented French Revolution. Worn by people to show their support.	34
8489387406	Civil Constitution of the Clergy	Law passed on July 12, 1790 that caused the immediate subordination of the Catholic Church in France to the French Government.	35
8489387407	Active Citizen	Male citizens who annual taxes equalled the local wages paid for 3 days of labour and were allowed to elect electors.	36
8489387408	Passive Citizen	Citizens with no property rights or voting rights.	37
8489387409	v Napoleon Bonaparte	he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again briefly in 1815 (during the Hundred Days).	38
8489387410	Coup d'etat	Simply known as a overthrow: the illegal and overt seizure of a state by military or other elites within the state.	39
8489387411	Plebiscite	The direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution.	40
8489387412	Lycees	A Lycée is a school that is part of the Agency for French Teaching Abroad network and teaches the curriculum from France.	41
8489387413	Concordat of 1801	A agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and papal and clerical representatives in both Rome and Paris, defining the status of the Roman Catholic Church in France and ending the breach caused by the church reforms and confiscations enacted during the French Revolution.	42
8489387414	Napoleonic Code	Napoleon Bonaparte gave this civil code to post-revolutionary France, its first coherent set of laws concerning property, colonial affairs, the family, and individual rights	43
8489387415	Louisiana	Louis Juchereau de St. Denis, made the oldest permanent settlement in the american territories; Louisiana colony.	44
8489387416	Battle of Trafalgar	British fleet under Admiral Lord Nelson defeated a combined French and Spanish fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar, fought off the coast of Spain.	45
8489387417	Continental System	Napoleonic wars, the blockade designed by Napoleon to paralyze Great Britain through the destruction of British commerce. The decrees of Berlin and Milan proclaimed a blockade: neutrals and French allies were not to trade with the British.	46
8489387418	Blockade	An act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving.	47
8489387419	Peninsular War	The part of the Napoleonic Wars fought in the Iberian Peninsula, where the French were opposed by British, Spanish, and forces.	48
8489387420	Guerrillas	Type of warfare where small group of combatants use warfare tactics like ambushes, raids, etc to fight a larger, traditional army.	49
8489387421	Alexander I	Leader of Russia who at first befriend Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars, but eventually helped form the coalition that defeated Napoleon.	50
8489387422	Scorched-Earth policy	Military strategy where you destroy(burn) anything that may be useful to an enemy while it is invading	51
8489387423	Battle of Borodino	Battle fought on September 7, 1812 which was a tactical victory for Napoleon where he forced the Russian army to retreat	52
8489387424	Grand Armee	Army commanded by Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars who scored a series of victories that ultimately allowed France to have an unprecedented grip on the European Continent.	53
8489387425	Battle of Leipzig	A series of battles from October 16-19, 1813 which was a decisive defeat for Napoleon and resulted in the destruction of French power in Germany and Poland.	54
8489387426	Louis XVIII	Monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as the King of France from 1814-1824 after taking over from Napoleon's dictatorship	55
8489387427	Battle of Waterloo	Battle in Belgium on June 18, 1815 that marked the final defeat of French dictator Napoleon.	56
8489387428	Hundred Days	Period from March 20, 1815 on which Napoleon arrived to Paris after exile to June 8, 1815, the date of the return of Louis XVIII.	57
8489387429	Alexis de Tocqueville	A political scientist who traveled to the US to observe its prisons and returned with a wealth of observations in a book he wrote called Democracy in America which was the most influential books of the 19th century.	58
8489387430	Toulon	Large city and military harbor on French coast that was sieged by Napoleon, winning him his first military reputation by forcing the withdrawal of the Anglo-Spanish fleet.	59
8489387431	Treaty of Campo Formio	A peace settlement that was signed on October 18, 1797 between France and Austria.	60
8489387432	Battle of the Nile	A major naval battle that took place from August 1, 1798 to August 2, 1798. It was a battle between the British Royal Navy and the Navy of the French Republic at Aboukir Bay.	61
8489387433	Aboukir Bay	A bay on the Mediterranean Sea near Alexandria in Egypt.	62
8489387434	Horatio Nelson	A British flag officer in the Royal Navy.	63
8489387435	Brumaire Coup	Brought Napoleon to power as First Consul of France, and in most views, it ended the French Revolution.	64
8489387436	Consulate	A council in France between the fall of the Coup of Brumaire and the start of the Napoleonic Empire.	65
8489387437	First Consul	The title held by Napoleon Bonaparte, when he became Emperor of France.	66
8489387438	Battle of Marengo	A war that occurred on June 14, 1800 between French forces under Napoleon and Austrian forces near the city of Alessandria.	67
8489387439	Peace of Luneville	A treaty signed by the French Republic and the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. It confirmed the cession of the Rhineland.	68
8489387440	Peace of Amiens	It temporarily ended hostilities between the French Republic and Great Britain during the French Revolution.	69
8489387441	Josephine	The first wife of Napoleon I. She was known for her magnificent rose garden, surrounding her Château de Malmaison, which was watched closely by her.	70
8489387442	Battle of Austerlitz	One of Napoleon's greatest victory, resulting in the Treaty of Pressburg	71
8489387443	Treaty of Pressburg	Austria and France's peace	72
8489387444	German Confederation of the Rhine	16 German states unified after the battle of austerlitz	73
8489387445	Treaty of Tilsit	2 treaties (France and Russia and France And Prussia). The first was put France and Russia in a secret alliance and the second gave half of Prussia's and to France	74
8489387446	Berlin Decree	Stopped the import of British goods into France and France allied countries	75
8489387447	Austrian War of Liberation	Known as the War of the Fifth Coalition and onset by Austria's want to destroy the treaty of pressburg, the french won	76
8489387448	Nationalism	A strong feeling of patriotism	77
8489387449	Metternich	A german diplomat who served as austria's foreign minister	78
8489387450	Charter of 1814	Demanded a constitution with Charles XVIII's restoration	79
8489387451	1st Treaty of Paris	Ended the seven years war in 1763	80
8489387452	2nd Treaty of Paris	Recognized American independence from Britain	81
8489399916	Republicanism 490	a form of government there is no monarch and power rests in the rest of people as exercised through elected representatives	82
8489399917	Millet System 489	A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities with each millet(nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders.	83
8489399918	Fronde 470	serious of violent uprising triggered by increasing gov control and taxes	84
8489399919	Junkers 480	481 - nobility of prussia, reluctant allies of William in consolidation of prussian state	85
8489399920	Mercantilism 474	a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing power of the state based on belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth(Spec. gold/silver)	86
8489399921	Stadholder 497	executive officer in each of the United Province of the Netherlands, a position often help by princes of Orange	87
8489399922	Peace of Utrecht 476	477 - A series of treaties from 1713 - 1715, that ended War of Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of British Empire	88
8489399923	Cossacks 483	free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the 14th century onward. By end of 16th cent, had alliance with Russian State	89
8489399924	Constitutionalism 489	497- A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between authority and power of government, on one hand, and the rights and liberties of subjects or citizens on the other hand; could include constitutional monarchies or republics.	90
8489399925	Janissary Corps 489	the core of the sultan's army, composed of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire; after 1683, became a volunteer force.	91
8489399926	Puritans 490	Members of 16th/17th century reform movement within Church of England advocating purifying it of Roman Catholic elements.	92
8489399927	Boyars 482	highest ranking members of Russian nobility	93
8489399928	Sultan 489	ruler of ottoman empire, he owned all the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves.	94
8489399929	Peace of Westphalia	results 466 - names of series of treaties that concluded 30 years war in 1648 and marked end of large-scale religious violence in Europe	95
8489399930	Test Act 493	Legislation, passed by the English Parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the Anglican church by stripping Puritans;/Catholicos of basic rights of citizenship	96
8489399931	Consolidation of Serfdom in Eastern Europe 479	Serfs in West europe were able to escape cause of Black death, but in East Europe, strict laws that bound serfs to land and had them punished for escaping kept them put. Landlords also took more serf land.	97
8489399932	Louis XIV 469	478 - came into rule at the age of 9 but, his mother Anne of Austria for him till he came of age. He was the king of lavage he wanted everything he had servants and Nobles he thought he hated wait on him hand and foot, but they believe that that was a privilege, that was like God to them. He also did not care for the public people, against protestants	98
8489399933	Baroque Art 498	99 - very dramatic and unrestrained pieces of arts.	99
8489399934	Cardinal Richelieu	domestic policies-internal policies 466, 68, 70 - He was Catholic something, but he supported the enemies of the Habsburgs(Catholics) since he hates the Habsburgs	100
8489399935	Thomas Hobbes 492	offered a solution to the how England would be governed after Execution of Charles that society should be ruled by absolute rule of sovereign.	101
8489399936	Count	Duke of Olivares 468, 78 - Advisers to king and enabler of state. God power and fortune from position, but were vulnerable to distrust and hostility from others at court. Didn't lack ideas, wanted to go back to imperial tradition.	102
8489399937	Prince Francis Rakoczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule 479	A revolt with Hungarian nobility led by Prince Francis Rakoczy against Habsburgs and thwarted Habsburgs plans of full absolutism. Even though Habsburgs defeated them, gave them traditional privileges of nobles.	103
8489399938	Glorious Revolution 494, 495	Replaced one king with another without any bloodshed	104
8489399939	Fredrick William the Great Elector taxing the junkers 480	81 - William pursued them to agree to increased taxes, but in exchange, got reconfirmation of their privilages, including authority over surfs.	105
8489399940	Fredrick William I's policies on agriculture 481	82 - Forced all men to undergo military training and to serve as reservists in the army allowing Fredrick the First to perse both agricultural production and army size.	106
8489399941	Moscow leaders ruling an independent state 482	Forced weaker Slavic principalities to render tribute previously painted to Mongols. Borrowed many Mongol traditions, who they had gained freedom from by Ivan III who defied them when Moscow had the power.	107
8489399942	French classicism 474	Artists/writers of late 17th century imitated the subject matter and style of classical antiquity, that their work resembled that of Renaissance Italy, and that it possessed classical qualities of discipline, balance, and restraint.	108
8489399943	Peter the Great 485	Tried to wage a secret war against Sweden with Denmark/Poland, but the king of Sweden surprised them by defeating Denmark. Increased measures to make army/gov more powerful/efficient. Eventually, won.	109
8489399944	Poltava 486	A significant battle in Russian history where Russia defeated army of Sweden	110
8489399945	Ottoman government 489	Top ranks of bureaucracy were staffed by sultan's slave crops. Since Muslim law prevented Muslims slaving other muslims, so they "taxed" Christian populations for 1-3k boys. Raised in Turkey as Muslims to fight. They could rise the ranks and build life for themselves.	111
8489399946	English government in 1640 490	Opted for Constitutional monarchy where people still had rights to elect members of Parliament, but there was a monarchy too.	112
8489399947	Results of Absolutism/ Constitutionalism 489	90 - This settlement, which has endured to this day, retains a monarch as the head of government but vested sovereignty in an elected parliament.	113
8489399948	Battle of Rocori/ Battle of Pyrenees 478	Rocroi was a battle where the French dealt a crushing blow to the Spanish. Treaty of Pyrenees ended the French/Spanish conflict.	114
8489399949	Charles II and Louis XIV 476/493	94 - Lousic paid Charles 2nd to spread Catholicism 200K euros.	115
8489399950	Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate 492	English military dictatorship established by Oliver Cromwell following execution of Charles I, but didn't last very long.	116
8489399951	English Revolution of 1688 494	Where James 2nd violated the Test Act by appointing Roman Catholics to positions and his supporters opened Catholic structures around. Lead to James's opposers, people in Parliament/Church of England, offer thrown to James's heir, Prot daughter Mary. Jame took his queen and infant and flend to France while William/Mary became King/Queen.	117
8489408649	Natural Philosophy	An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.	118
8489408650	Empiricism	A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.	119
8489408651	Copernican Hypothesis	The idea that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe.	120
8489408652	Experimental method	The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments, rather than speculation.	121
8489408653	Law of Universal Gravitation	Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them,	122
8489408654	Philosophes	A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.	123
8489408655	Rococo	A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits, and the starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.	124
8489408656	Enlightened Absolutism	Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals rationalism, progress, and tolerance.	125
8489408657	Cartesian Dualism	Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.	126
8489408658	Haskalah	Jewish Enlightenment of 2nd half of the late 18th century, led by Prussian Philosopher Moses Mendelssohn	127
8489408659	Law of Inertia	A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.	128
8489408660	Reading Revolution	The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal readings of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse.	129
8489408661	Cameralism	View that the monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase public good.	130
8489408662	Public Sphere	An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics.	131
8489408663	Rationalism	A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was submitted to reason.	132
8489408664	Salon	Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.	133
8489408665	Enlightenment	The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method and progress.	134
8489408666	Religious perspectives to Copernicus	Catholic church hated him because he went against everything they said like Catholics said that Earth was center of universe, but Copernicus said that sun was center. Catholic Church declared copernicus's hypothesis to be false in 1616.	135
8489408667	Kepler	Using observations of Brahe, Kepler was his assistant and his unorthodox brand of Lutheranism caused him to be outcast by both lutherans and catholics, proved 3 new laws of planetary movement:	136
8489408668	Planet's movement around the sun was elliptical, not circular.		137
8489408669	Planets don't move in a uniform speed during their orbits. When a planet is closer to the sun, it moves more rapidly and slows down as it moves farther		138
8489408670	The time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun		139
8489408671	Galileo	Came up with the experimental method and the law of inertia. Was a devoted Catholic, so didn't support Copernican theory after it was publicize since it was too dangerous.	140
8489408672	Newton		141
8489408673	Copernicus's theory of the universe	The sun is the center of the universe, not the Earth	142
8489408674	Descartes Theory	Cartesian Dualism(everything can be reduced to mind or matter)	143
8489408675	Bacon's empiricism	Theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation	144
8489408676	Governments response to science(529)	Governments in general response was of promotion and approval, especially of in England/France. Established academies, England had the Royal academy.	145
8489408677	Gabriel	Emilie Le Tonnelier - she was a companion of voltaire, but she did do something scientific: she translated Newton's ideas into French	146
8489408678	Historical and Critical Dictionary	Talks about how that human beliefs had been varied and very often mistaken, he concluded that nothing can be known beyond ll doubt, a view known as skepticisms. By Pierre Bayle	147
8489408679	Catherine the Great	Russian Ruler who liked enlightenment ideas and absolute monarchies. Had 3 goals:	148
8489408680	Worked hard to bring culture of West Europe to Russia(Continueing Peter the great's goal)		149
8489408681	Domestic Reform: restricted torture, religious toleration, improved education/local gov. She also increased noble's power over surfs		150
8489408682	Territorial Expansion		151
8489408683	Essay Concerning Human Understanding	John Locke - Insisted that all ideas should be derived from experience provided by systematic justification of bacon. Emphasis on importance of observation and experimentation, he insisted on sovereignty of elected parliament against authority of the crown.	152
8489408684	Core concept of the Enlightenment		153
8489408685	Methods of natural could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life(reason)		154
8489408686	Scientific method was capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature		155
8489408687	Progress	It was possible for humans to create better societies and better people	156
8489408688	Voltaire's attitude towards government	He thought that best humans could hope for was strong monarch since human beings are rarely worthy to govern themselves.	157
8489408689	Rousseau	He was committed to individual freedom, but he attacked rationalism and civilization. Also called for gender roles to go back before.	158
8489408690	Purpose of the Encyclopedia	The purpose of the encyclopedia was to share information on trends that would improve economics in imports, farming, and merchantry.	159
8489408691	Madame du Chatelet	She is another long time companion of voltaire. Argued that reason why women weren't involved with science because they weren't as educated.	160
8489408692	Concept of the General Will	It was Rousseau's concept of general will. Rousseau says that general will is not generally the will of the majority, just in the people's best interest(what the people who are incharge want).	161
8489408693	Enlightenment Thinkers vs. Medieval and Renaissance thinkers	Enlightenment thinkers were questioning everything, using reason and mathematics and science on everything while medieval thinkers believed what the church told them without thinking.	162
8489408694	Deist	God is a clock maker, creates the entire everything, but has no control over it or us.	163
8489408695	Republic of Letters	cosmopolitan set of networks stretching from west europe into the americas to russia to east europe along trade and empire routes.	164
8489408696	Fredrick the Great and policies toward the Enlightenment	Was a big fan of the Enlightenment and tried to improve the lives of his subjects. Allowed subjects to believe what they wanted in religious/political matters.	165
8489408697	Catherine the Great of Russia's rise to power	Rose to power after her husband withdrew troops during 7 years war from Prussia alienating his subjects, so Catherine had her lover kill him.	166
8489408698	Racism and the Enlightenment	Europeans were taught that they were biologically superior to Negroes. Scientific racialism helped legitimate and justify the tremendous growth of slavery that occurred during the 18th century. If one 'race" of humans was fundamentally different and inferior, its members could be seen as fit for enslavement.	167
8489408699	Impact of Jews from the Haskalah Enlightenment movement	Every town, through the middle ages, had Jews, but they were isolated. Anti Semitic sentiment was prevalent through Europe's history, so they were isolated: separate communities inside communities. This actually opened up communications between Jews and Christians.	168
8489408700	Maria Theresa and her policy towards peasants	She was trying to improve the rural economy, she was also trying to rally troops to fight the 7 years war. She had just given birth, so she held up her baby and it rallied the troops. She was also pretty good with the peasants. East europe was still fighting feudalism and serfdom and she was trying to improve rural economy(serfdom hurt economy because serfs were bound/stuck to land, so they are working the land and all the money goes to the lords), so she loosened reins of lords to give surfs more rights and stuff in life.	169
8489408701	Galileo's trial	He was forced to turn himself into the Holy office because he supported copernicus, and he was italian and thought new Pope was science, but new pope wasn't.	170
8489592796	Continental System	A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military.	171
8489592797	Estates General	A legislative body in pre revolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the tree classes, or estates. It was first called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614.	172
8489592798	National Assembly	The first French revolutionary legislature, made of primarily of representative of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy in session from 1789 to 1791	173
8489592799			174
8489592800	Great Fear	The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprising that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt.	175
8489592801	Jacobin Club	A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans.	176
8489592802	Reign of Terror	The period from 1793-1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed.	177
8489592803	Second Revolution	From 1792 to 1795, the second phrase of the French Revolution during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of policies.	178
8489592804	Gironidists	A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793.	179
8489592805	Sans	Culottes - THe laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city.	180
8489592806	Thermidorean Reaction	A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.	181
8489592807	Grand Empire	The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia	182
8489592808	Napoleonic code	French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as restricting rights according to women by previous revolutionary laws.	183
8489592809	Estates	The three legal categories, or orders, of France's Inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else.	184
8489592810	The Mountain	Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793.	185
8489592811	Vindication of the Rights of Man/ Woman	Both written by Mary Wollstonecraft. Man was written in 1790 while Woman was in 1792. Was written after Wollstonecraft was incensed by Burke's book, where he defended inherited privileges.	186
8489592812	Hundred Days	A period where Napoleon along with a small group of followers marched on Paris which caused Louis XVIII fled causing Napoleon to once again be in command. Though, the allies were united against him, and at the end of the 100 days, his forces were crushed at Waterloo on June 18th, 1815 and he was imprisoned on the island of St Helena.	187
8489592813	American Constitutional Convention/ slavery	proslavery delegates and anti slave delicates, how did they deal with this, for voting purposes the south has a lesser population than the north making the north more influential, so the comprimes makes the ⅗ compromise where a slave counted as ⅗ of a person for taxation and proportional representation in the House of Reps	188
8489592814	18th century liberal belief that representatives could defend liberty	They believed that people had sovereignty, meaning that people alone had the authority to make laws limiting an individual's freedom of action. That actually looked like legislators who represented the people were accountable to them. Monarchs might retain their thrones, but their rules was constrained by the will of the people	189
8489592815			190
8489592816	How did Louis XV damage his sacred authority?	He had a common born mistress, and she had lots of control over people who didn't like being controlled, and he tried to raise taxes for the growing amount of debt.	191
8489592817	Causes of American Revolution	Caused by the people believing that Britain had no right to control what was happening in America, thus taking away the liberties of the American people	192
8489592818	France's debt problems	Participation of the American revolution	193
8489592819	The Directory and their continued wars of conquest	It helped create jobs, large armies helped employ more men	194
8489592820	The National Assembly	the french revolution legislature created by all of the third estate representatives along with a few priests refused to meet in the Estates General. Instead, they moved to a tennis court where they swore the Tennis Court Oath to not leave until they were recognized as a national assembly and had written a new constitution.	195
8489592821	The storming of the Bastille	At the Bastille was stormed by mobs to obtain weapons for the city's defence. In response to this, Louis reinstated his finance minister and withdrew troops from Paris, allowing the National Assembly to continue its work.	196
8489592822	How order was restored following the Great Fear	they abolished all old noble and church(clergy) privileges.	197
8489592823	The forcing of the royal family to live in Paris	Women stormed Versii and forced them to move to Paris	198
8489592824	Abbee Sieyes and her take on the third estate	Third estate is everything	199
8489592825	The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed	Equality before law, individual freedom, and a representative government for a sovereign people	200
8489592826	Reaction of Kings/Nobles in continental Europe:	not involved about the states, how did the kings throughout europe thought about it, if they are still acting as a monarchy they are scared that the rebellion will spread into their areas	201
8489592827	Legislative Assembly vs. Estates general in Oct. 1791	The Estates General was made of an equal amount of representatives from each estate, but the Estates general had basically no power. Most of the power resided in the National Assembly with its humble beginnings.	202
8489592828	How did French Armies treat conquered people?	The message was conveyed, they were supposed to be a liberator of France, releasing people, but they acted like foreign invaders, they were like "Hey we are here to free you now give us all materials we request" They were confusing people	203
8489592829	Goals of Committee of Public Safety	Protecting the public against foreign attacks	204
8489592830	French budget in 1780's	No central bank or paper currency	205
8489592831	How was the Third Estate defined legally? Anyone who wasn't part of the nobility or clergy		206
8489592832	5iu		207
8489592833	1794 Central government vs. First Coalition	July 1794 the central government was winning, how was this happening	208
8489592834			209
8489592835	Who represents Third Estate?	A large amount of the lower classes	210
8489592836	How did the Jacobins view women? Rose after the women gained a number of rights, they thought that women being a part of political working it would distract them from their duties		211
8489592837	Reasons for abolition of slavery in Saint	Domingue in 1793 - The slaves were inspired by the French Revolution and rebelled	212
8489592838	Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor	All of his people turned on him for being crazy in killing all the people to his right and to his left, they in turn killed him	213
8489592839	Background of Napoleon Bonaparte	He was born in Corsica in 1769 to an impoverished noble family. He left the home and became a lieutenant in the army in 1785. He rose rapidly through the ranks and won victories for France. He learned that members of the legislature were plotting against the Directory, so he outst the Directors and became dictator.	214
8489592840	Napoleonic Code	Equality all male citizens and security of wealth and private property	215
8489592841	French victories in 1793	94 - Counter Rev forces won significant land and only the land around the Eastern Frontier were held by the central government. Defeat seemed imminent but	216
8489592842	Girondists vs. the Mountain	The Mountain was usually in Control of the National Convention and were more radical, left wing, than the Girondists who fought for control of the National Convention. Both were determined to continue the war against tyranny.	217
8489592843	National Assembly radicalized in summer of 1789?	Created by third estate representatives and took a Tennis Court Oath to not leave a tennis court until they were recognized as a law making branch and had written a constitution.	218
8489592844	Catholicism during Napoleonic era?	The Catholics were giving some stuff back, under Napoleon's control, were able to practice freely but the first estate controlled them	219
8489592845	Napoleon's consolidated rule	He has two groups of that are separated and has to bring them together and this is what happens	220
8489592846	Declaration of Independence	Document adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776. Proclaimed the natural rights of mankind and the sovereignty of the American states.	221
8489592847	Napoleon's Continental System	What was it, what was the economic effect, which was britain blockaded France making the middle classes suffered because they couldn't make any money because of this	222
8489592848	Olympe de Gouges	Wrote the Declaration of RIghts of Woman which said women were born free and had equal rights as man.	223
8489592849	National Assembly's response of Saint	Domingues' different social groups - They were frustrated by the hopes of all these groups. They refused to extend French constitutional safeguards to the colonies. But, in May 1791, they granted political rights to free people of color who were born to free parents who had enough property.	224
8489592850	Resolution of Haitian Independence	Jack saline overran the resistance, crushed the French and claimed their independence	225
8489592851	Loyalists of American Revolution	People who were still Loyal to England, but swiftly moved to Canada after a coalition of farmers and artisans harassed them and confiscated their property to pay for the war	226
8489592852	Antifederalists opposition of the Constitution	Believed that it gave the federal government too much power and had taken away most power from the individual states, so Federals wrote the first 10 amendments, also known as the bill of rights.	227
8489592853	Reflections on the Revolution in France	Written by Edmund Burke in 1790	228
8489592854	Napoleon's Grand Empire	The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia	229
8489605231	Anticlericalism	against the clergy	230
8489605232	Indulgence	piece of paper sold by churches/priests to apparently lessen time/penance in purgatory and widely believed to forgive all sins	231
8489605233	Protestant	anyone who is christian, but not Catholic	232
8489605234	Spanish Armada	sent to England by Philip 2 to bring back Catholicism and revenge for killing Mary(queen of Scots)	233
8489605235	Institutes of Christian Religion	Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, later become theology for Protestantism. Believed in absolute power of God and weakness of humans	234
8489605236	Predestination	belief that whether you're going to heaven or hell is predetermined by God, not based on your actions/beliefs	235
8489605237	Holy Office	Catholic office against international heresy	236
8489605238	Jesuits	international spreaders of Catholicism	237
8489605239	Huguenots	French Calvinists	238
8489605240	Politiques	moderate Catholics/Protestants who held the belief that only strong monarchy could save France from collapse	239
8489605241	Edict of Nantes	Granted Calvinists public worship in France by Henry 4	240
8489605242	Union of Utrecht	alliance of 7 northern provinces of Netherlands declaring independence from the rest of Netherlands(Spanish Netherlands). Were Protestants	241