AP Psych-Thinking and Language Flashcards

9995976087	cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	0
9995976088	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
9995976089	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to it provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category	2
9995976090	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier, but more error-prone, heuristics	3
9995976091	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but more error-prone than algorithms	4
9995976092	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions	5
9995976093	inductive reasoning	informal reasoning; trying to asses the believability of a conclusion based on the evidence to support it--use a heuristic	6
9995976094	deductive reasoning	formal reasoning; process of following a set of rigorous procedures to reach correct conclusions--use an algorithm	7
9995976095	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	8
9995976096	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving	9
9995976097	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	10
9995976098	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, an impediment to problem solving	11
9995976099	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information	12
9995976100	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness_) we presume such events are common	13
9995976101	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments	14
9995976102	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments	15
9995976103	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	16
9995976104	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	17
9995976105	Noam Chomsky	linguist; believed that children learn the language of their environment, but believed that they acquire untaught words and grammar too quickly to be related to learning principles; universal grammar, language acquisition device	18
9995976106	phoneme	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	19
9995976107	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)	20
9995976108	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with an understand others	21
9995976109	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning	22
9995976110	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	23
9995976111	surface structure of language	phonemes, morphemes, words, and sentences and the rules by which we combine them	24
9995976112	deep structure of language	the meaning conveyed by language	25
9995976113	receptive language	the understanding of language	26
9995976114	productive language	the ability to produce words (use language)	27
9995976115	babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	28
9995976116	one-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	29
9995976117	two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	30
9995976118	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words	31
9995976119	B.F. Skinner	behaviorist; believed that we can explain language development with familiar learning principles, such as association, imitation, and reinforcement	32
9995976120	language acquisition device	Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally	33
9995976121	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	34
9995976122	Benjamin Whorf	language theorist, linguistic determinism (language affects thinking)	35
9995976123	Wolfgang Kohler	a founder of Gestalt Theory, his studies with apes led him to a view of problem solving as an active process of insight	36
9995976124	anchoring bias	The tendency, in forming perceptions or making quantitative judgments of some entity under conditions of uncertainty, to give excessive weight to the initial starting value ( anchor )	37