AP Psychology Thinking and Language Flashcards

8656398942	Cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
8656398943	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.	1
8656398944	Prototype	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides quick/easy methods for sorting things.	2
8656398945	Algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.	3
8656398946	Heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently.	4
8656398947	Insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	5
8656398948	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	6
8656398949	Fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mindset.	7
8656398950	Mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.	8
8656398951	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	9
8656398952	representative heuristic	judging the likely-hood of things based on how well they represent, or match, particularly prototypes. (Truck driver and librarian)	10
8656398953	Availability heuristic	estimating the likely-hood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common.	11
8656398954	Overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements	12
8656398955	Belief perserverence	clinging to ones initial concepts after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	13
8656398956	Intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.	14
8656398957	Framing	the way an issue is posed; can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	15
8656398958	Phonemes	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	16
8656398959	Morphemes	in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be part of a word.	17
8656398960	Grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand each other.	18
8656398961	Semantics	the set of rules by which we derive the MEANING from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of MEANING.	19
8656398962	Syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.	20
8656398963	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.	21
8656398964	One word stage	the stage in speech development, from age 1 to 2 , during with a child speaks mostly in single words.	22
8656398965	Two word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly 2 word statements.	23
8656398966	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs.	24
8656398967	Aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area.	25
8656398968	Broca's Area	controls language expression; an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere of the brain, that directs the muscle movements involving speech. (Controls speech muscles via the motor cortex)	26
8656398969	Wernicke's Area	controls language reception; a brain area involving in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. (Interprets auditory code)	27