AP Language Chapter 3 Vocab Flashcards

5292362625	ad hominem	Latin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.	0
5292362626	ad populum (bandwagon appeal)	this fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	1
5292362627	appeal to false authority	this fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.	2
5292362628	argument	a process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.	3
5292362629	assumption	shared by the speaker and the audience and expressed by the warrant in the Toulmin model	4
5292362630	backing	in the Toulmin model, it consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority	5
5292362631	begging the question	a fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.	6
5292362632	circular reasoning	a fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.	7
5292362633	claim	also called an assertion or proposition, it states the argument's main idea or position. It differs from a topic or subject in that it has to be arguable.	8
5292362634	claim of fact	claim that asserts that something is true or not true.	9
5292362635	claim of policy	claim that proposes a change.	10
5292362636	claim of value	claim that argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.	11
5292362637	classical oration	five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, and conclusion.	12
5292362638	introduction	introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.	13
5292362639	narration	provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.	14
5292362640	confirmation	usually the major part of the text, it includes the proof needed to make the writer's case.	15
5292362641	refutation	addresses the counterargument and acts as a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion.	16
5292362642	conclusion	brings the essay to a satisfying close.	17
5292362643	closed thesis	a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points a writer intends to make.	18
5292362644	deduction	a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (major premise) and applying it to a specific case (minor premise).	19
5292362645	either/or fallacy (false dilemma)	a fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	20
5292362646	faulty analogy	a fallacy occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable.	21
5292362647	first-hand evidence	evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	22
5292362648	hasty generalization	a fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	23
5292362649	induction	"to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.	24
5292362650	logical fallacy	potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	25
5292362651	open thesis	a thesis that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.	26
5292362652	post hoc ergo propter hoc	"after which therefore because of which," meaning it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. Correlation does not imply causation.	27
5292362653	qualifier	in the Toumlin model, it uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.	28
5292362654	quantitative evidence	includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers.	29
5292362655	rebuttal	in the Toumlin model, it gives voice to possible objections.	30
5292362656	reservation	in the Toumlin model, it explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.	31
5292362657	Rogerian arguments	developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, these are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating.	32
5292362658	second-hand evidence	evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation.	33
5292362659	straw man	a fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	34
5292362660	syllogism	a logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.	35
5292362661	Toulmin model	an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin. "Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).	36
5292362662	warrant	in the Toulmin model, it expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	37