AP Psych Unit 8 Cognition & Language Flashcards

8361159818	Cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
8361159819	Convergent thinking	Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.	1
8361159820	Insight	A sudden realization of a problem's solution, contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	2
8361159821	Availability heuristic	Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness) , we presume such events are common.	3
8361159822	Framing	The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.	4
8361159823	Grammar	In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.	5
8361159824	Telegraphic speech	Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - usually mostly nouns and verbs.	6
8361159825	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.	7
8361159826	Concept	A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.	8
8361159827	Divergent Thinking	Expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).	9
8361159828	Confirmation Bias	A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	10
8361159829	Overconfidence	The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements.	11
8361159830	Language	Our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.	12
8361159831	Babbling Stage	Beginning at about four months the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.	13
8361159832	Aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking), or to Wiernicke's area (impairing understanding).	14
8361159833	Prototype	A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when compared feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).	15
8361159834	Algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedures that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contracts with the usually speedier- but also more error-prone use of heuristics.	16
8361159835	Mental Set	A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.	17
8361159836	Belief perseverance	Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	18
8361159837	Phoneme	In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	19
8361159838	One-Word Stage	The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.	20
8361159839	Broca's area	Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.	21
8361159840	B. F. Skinner	He believed that language is acquired through principles of conditioning, including association, imitation, and reinforcement. He argues we learn language from the environment we are raised in.	22
8361159841	Creativity	The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.	23
8361159842	Heuristic	A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	24
8361159843	Intuition	An effortless, immediate automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.	25
8361159844	Representativeness heuristic	Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.	26
8361159845	Morpheme	In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word.	27
8361159846	Two-word stage	Beginning at about age two, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.	28
8361159847	Wernicke's area	Controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension an expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.	29
8361159848	Noam Chomsky	American theoretical linguist whose work from the 1950s revolutionized the field of linguistics by treating language as a uniquely human, biologically based cognitive capacity.	30